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' 3 N P &m 0 Vm N < r 3 t 8 O 4 4 4 4 t O 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 l l <' d 4 " <' Brief for NFAW on Changes Proposed for Sole Parents by Governments Welfare to Work Policy.
By Julia Perry
Changes for Parents
From July 2006 the age of the youngest qualifying child for Parenting Payment will be reduced from 16 to 6. This will apply to people claiming parenting payment after that date: existing recipients with children over the age of 6 will continue to be eligible for the payment until they leave it, or change between the single and partnered forms.
This means that parents (both sole parents and partnered parents) who would have been able to claim Parenting Payment will now need to claim another payment if they have severe disabilities, they might be eligible for Disability Support Pension, if they are caring for a severely disabled adult, Carer Payment, if they are in full-time education, Austudy, or if none of these are available, Newstart. If they claim Newstart, which will be the majority, they will be required to look for paid work of at least 15 hours a week.
Those remaining on Parenting Payment with a child aged 6 or over will also be required to participate in the workforce of at least 15 hours a week.
Those going onto Newstart will be eligible for enhanced Newstart, which means that will be eligible for Pharmaceutical Allowance, the Pensioner Concession card and Telephone Allowance. The Newstart income test will be relaxed slightly: over the income range between $31 and $125 a week, Newstart will be reduced by 50 cents in the dollar, and for income above that, it will be reduced by 60 cents in the dollar.
There is no indication that these concessions will also apply to Austudy.
Background
The Australian social security system comprises a number of pensions and allowances with eligibility based on the reason for not being in paid work old age, disability or sickness, caring responsibilities, participation in full-time education or training, or inability to find work (unemployment)
The purpose of Parenting Payment as it exists now is to allow families to choose whether and how much the primary carer will participate in the labour force while they have dependent children. It has not generally been subject to a requirement to look for work but since 2003, parents whose youngest child is aged 13-15 are required to be employed, in education or training, or searching for work for up to 6 hours a week.
Newstart is designed for people who have no workforce barriers but who are unemployed. Because of concerns about reducing work incentives and the expectation that it would be a short-term payment it has low rates and a severe income test, compared with pensions. It is not designed to facilitate part-time work and part rate payment, in fact it contains disincentives for part-time work because of its poverty traps. The pension income test better supports part-time work.
Parenting Payment (single) (PPS) is paid to sole parents with a child aged under 16 and Parenting Payment (partnered) (PPP) is paid to partnered parents. Only one parent of a child is eligible for Parenting Payment, even when the actual care is shared.
PPS is a pension level payment. Pensions for sole parents began under Widows Pensions in 1944, and were extended, altered or renamed with the introduction of Supporting Mothers Pension, Supporting Parent Pension, Sole Parent Pension and finally Parenting Payment (Single). Sole parent families have always been a group at risk of poverty, because of the financial burden and time constraints for one adult supporting children.
Since the 1940s dependent spouses of men receiving income support have been supported through additional allowances. Originally, husbands receiving unemployment benefits were paid an additional allowance for a spouse. This was paid directly to the dependent spouse (male or female) from 1974 as Partner Allowance, restricted to families with children as Parenting Allowance in 1975, and amalgamated with sole parent pension in 1998 as Parenting Payment. Because it developed from partner allowance, it came in as an allowance-type payment, the same level and income/assets test as Newstart, and it remained as an allowance.
Like Newstart, PPP is means tested on the income and assets of a couple. A mothers PPP is reduced if she has income over $31 a week, and/or if her partners income is over $300 a week. The majority of PPP recipients partners are receiving an income support payment.
Attempts to more fully amalgamate the single and partnered forms over the years have been complicated by the fact that one was a pension and one was an allowance. The financial disadvantages of sole parents meant that Governments in the past had avoided cutting the pension for sole parents to a Newstart level payment.
At June 2004, there were 449,312 sole parents receiving PPS and 177,157 partnered parents receiving PPP (Table 1). Thirty per cent of PPS pensioners but only 11 per cent of PPP recipients were combining payment with paid. This reflects the fact that the pension income test is more supportive of part-time work.
Table 1: 2003-4 statistics relevant payments
Parenting Payment (Single)Parenting Payment (Partnered)NewstartTotal number of recipients449,312177,157483,093Average duration (weeks)250251166% with earned income30.011.316.4Average earnings per week$244$263$165Source: FaCS Annual Report 2003-04
Issues
Financial
Sole parents will be hard hit by the changes. Not only will the income of those on full payment fall by $29 a week, but for those with earnings the reduction will be even greater. The amount of income they can earn before their pension is reduced will drop from $76 a week to $31. For income above that level, their payment will be reduced by 50 or 60 cents in the dollar, rather than the present 40 cents.
As well their tax rates will increase, as the tax offsets for pensioners are more generous than those for allowance recipients.
Those with income over $426 a week will not receive any income support and will therefore lose their pensioner concession cards and Pharmaceutical Allowance.
For example, a sole parent working 15 hours a week at the minimum wage ($195) under the present system would have a net income gain from earnings of $144 but under the new system that will be only $81.
This occurs at a time when the costs of children can rise. While child care may be cheaper than for pre-school aged children, there are a number of new costs associated with children attending school.
As well, there are costs associated with working or looking for work particularly transport, clothing, and outside school hours child care.
The payments for partnered parents will not be reduced.
Availability of suitable jobs
The present activity test legislation specifies a long list of conditions which determine whether it is reasonable to expect a Newstart recipient to accept a job. These are at Attachment A. There is also a list of conditions under which a person is exempt for the activity test for a period. These need to be reviewed to ensure that the needs of parents are accommodated.
The proposed requirement is for parents to seek work of at least 15 hours a week. It is not clear whether these would be standard hours, such as when the children are at school or whether the parent would be expected to take a job involving night or outside school hours. What if there are no jobs on offer of fifteen hours?
What if the journey to work is unreasonable? If the job available involves a 90 minute journey each way 5 days a week for a 3 hour shift, this would involve 15 hours travelling time in addition to the 15 hours of work.
The need for parents to balance work and family responsibility can restrict the hours available for working. If parents need to negotiate family friendly working times or conditions through individual agreements, they may have to trade-off wages or conditions under the Governments proposed industrial relations changes.
A recent paper by Hughes and Gray, found high levels of unmet need for family friendly working conditions among sole and married mothers, with sole mothers having significantly less access to such conditions, higher unmet need and less power to negotiate changes to working conditions, because on average their jobs tended to be casual and lower status than those of married mothers.
Education
Employment of sole parents in particular is strongly related to their education levels, and they tend to be lower than those of married parents. Parenting Payment has provided scope for many parents to participate in education in order to improve their lifetime employment prosects.
Sole parents receiving PPS are entitled to the pensioner education supplement of $31.20 a week if they are studying more than 50% of a full-time study load or $15.60 for a 25% study load. They also receive an education entry payment of $208 annually while they are studying. Neither of these is available for Newstart or Austudy recipients.
Austudy is the payment for adults aged 24 and over in full-time education. Rates of Austudy are slightly lower than Newstart - $4.20 a fortnight for sole parents, $1.80 for partnered parents. There has been no suggestion that Austudy will be enhanced, that is that parents on Austudy will continue to receive pensioner concession cards or pharmaceutical allowance.
If a parent wishes to study but cannot manage a full time workload, there is no current provision under Newstart for education to meet the activity test. Newstart recipients undertaking part-time education are still expected to seek work in addition to their education activities.
Family Impact
Australian families vary in the emphasis that they place on the role of child-caring in comparison with the employment role. This role includes both time spent with children and the additional domestic work, shopping and so on involved as well as include journeys to and from school or child care, particularly for young children.
Raising children does involve significant levels of unpaid work Craig and Bittman have estimated the unpaid workload of a family with one school aged child as a third higher, and a family with 3 school aged children as more than 50% higher, than the unpaid workload of a childless family. While sole parents do not have another partner at home to share the load, Craig and Bittman found that even in couples, women are still taking on a much greater proportion of the extra load than fathers are.
No concessions are made under the new arrangements for large families.
Some parents may be happy to sacrifice time spent with, and on, their children in exchange for long working hours, and buy in child care, domestic cleaners and household services. Others may place a high value on time with their children and be reluctant to place children in outside school hours care, particularly for long periods. Particularly where children have special needs, non-parental outside school hours care might not be appropriate. Low income families often cannot afford child care. cleaners and other services.
As noted above, 15 hours of work in combination with extensive travel time or part-time education leaves little time for unpaid responsibilities. Unless parents can find the 15 hours employment a week fitting within school times they may be faced with a need for additional substitute care.
A further concern for sole parents is that there is no period of grace following relationship breakdown or death of a parent. This is usually a time of crisis for families which might involve refuges and temporary accommodation, in the process of obtaining permanent accommodation. 鱨վ as well as parents are often strongly emotionally affected. In such cases there should be a l2 month activity test exemption while families adjust and sort out their domestic arrangements.
Disability
One issue of particular concern is care of children with severe disabilities. Carer Payment provides a pension level payment for people caring intensively for an adult with a disability but only applies if the person being cared for is 16 or over. With the cuts to parenting payment there is no provision for parents caring for children aged between 6 and 15 with severe disabilities. Government has not announced an intention to reduce the age of the care recipient for carer pension.
A similar situation arises for parents with additional caring responsibilities, for example for frail elderly parents. In combination with parenthood, this can seriously restrict a persons capacity to take on paid work, especially if the caring demands are unpredictable. The work would need to be very flexible.
Many parenting payment recipients themselves have disabilities. Under the present system sole parents with disabilities would usually apply for PPS rather than Disability Support Pension (DSP). When access to PPS is reduced, many of these will apply for DSP.
Access to DSP for people with less severe disabilities is being restricted at the same time. However no account is being taken of the effects of a combination of moderate disability and parenting responsibility. A person with that combination may be taken as having serious limitations on the hours of work they can be required to undertake.
Transition
It has been proposed that the grandfathering arrangements, enabling existing parenting payment recipients to remain on payment at 1 July 2006, will cease if the parent changes between single and partnered status. This is unfair. Disability Support Pensioners will not lose their payment if their marital status changes. Parenting payment is for people with the primary care of children, and should not be treated as two separate payments based on marital status.
This also provides a disincentive to families to re-unite or re-partner, particularly if there is a risk that such arrangements might not last. There is a group of families, about 10% of parenting payment recipients, with unstable relationships where the fathers come and go for various reasons: women in these families change status with Centrelink from single to partnered and back again. In such families, parenting payment is critical in providing stable income.
Recommendations
1. The NFAW supports parents right to be in the paid workforce and the importance of supporting this right in a way that allows parents to combine paid work with their caring responsibilities We recommend the Government continue to assist parents (at an improved level) to improve their capacity to obtain secure, well paid work that is commensurate with caring for their children.
2. If Government wants to require parents to work at least part-time, then the requirement should be applied to Parenting Payment, rather than moving them to Newstart.
3. Centrelink should take into account combinations of disability, parenting and caring requirements and the number of children in determining whether it is reasonable to require parents to look for work.
4. Education should be included as an alternative option in the activity test.
5. In deciding which jobs a parent should be prepared to take, the hours should be suitable (for example, during school hours), working conditions should be flexible enough to allow work/family balance and the travel time, including travel via school for those with primary school children, should not be unreasonable.
3. PPP should have a pension income test to ensure that a recipient working part-time on low wages should have a net gain from working, after the costs of working.
4. Partnered parents receiving Newstart should be eligible for enhanced Newstart, to protect children from poverty.
5. If Government goes ahead with the current proposal for Parenting Payment, Austudy for parents should be enhanced, with Pensioner Concession cards, Pharmaceutical Allowance, Employment Entry Payment and the education supplement.
6. Grandfathering arrangements should not cease if the person transfers between single and partnered status.
DATE \@ "d/MM/yyyy" 17/10/2005
Julia Perry is a former Director of Disability Policy in the (former)Department of Social Security and now an independent consultant on income support.
She is also a former DSS Director of sole parent and family policy
Attachment A
Social Security Act 1992, Clauses defining the activity test for Newstart
601.(1) Subject to HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%281A%29" subsections (1A) and HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%283%29" (3), a person satisfies the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec31.htm" \l "ssa-Section19A%282%29-%27activitytest%27" activity test in respect of a period if the person satisfies the Secretary that, throughout the period, the person is:
(a) actively seeking; and
(b) willing to undertake;
paid work in HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Australia%27" Australia, other than paid work that is unsuitable to be undertaken by the person.
Note 1: For situations in which a person is not required to satisfy the activity test see:
(a) section 602 (certain persons over 50);
(b) section 603 (persons attending training camps in remote areas);
(c) section 603A (special circumstances).
Note 2: See subsections (2A) and (2B) on what paid work is unsuitable.
601.(1A) The HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary may notify a person (other than a person who is not required to satisfy the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec31.htm" \l "ssa-Section19A%282%29-%27activitytest%27" activity test) who is receiving a newstart allowance that the person must take reasonable steps to apply for a particular number of advertised job vacancies in the period specified in the notice.
601.(1B) If a person refuses or fails to comply with a notice issued under HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%281A%29" subsection (1A), the person fails to satisfy the activity test in respect of the period specified in the notice.
601.(1C) The person must give the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary a written statement from each employer whose job vacancy the person applied for that confirms that the person applied for that job vacancy.
601.(1D) The statement from the employer must be in a form approved by the Secretary.
601.(1E) HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%281C%29" Subsection (1C) does not apply to a person if the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary is satisfied that there are special circumstances in which it is not reasonable to expect the person to give the statement referred to in that subsection.
601.(2) A person also satisfies the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec31.htm" \l "ssa-Section19A%282%29-%27activitytest%27" activity test in respect of a period if:
(a) the Secretary is of the opinion that, throughout the period, the person:
(i) should undertake particular paid work, other than paid work that is unsuitable to be done by the person; or
Note: See subsections (2A) and (2B) on what paid work is unsuitable.
(ia) should participate in an HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27approvedprogramofworkforincomesupportpayment%27" approved program of work for income support payment; or
(ii) should:
(A) undertake a course of HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec30.htm" \l "ssa-Section19-%27vocationaltraining%27" vocational training; or
(B) participate in a labour market program; or
(BA) participate in a HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27rehabilitationprogram%27" rehabilitation program; or
(C) participate in another course;
approved by the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27EmploymentSecretary%27" Employment Secretary which is likely to:
(D) improve the person's prospects of obtaining suitable paid work; or
(E) assist the person in seeking suitable paid work; or
(iii) in a case where the person lives in an area where:
(A) there is no locally accessible labour market; and
(B) there is no locally accessible vocational training course or labour market program;
should participate in an activity suggested by the person and approved by the Employment Secretary; or
(iv) should participate in the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27PSP%27" PSP; and
(b) the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary notifies the person that the person is required to act in accordance with the opinion; and
(c) the person takes reasonable steps to comply, throughout the period, with the Secretary's requirement.
Note 1: for " HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27EmploymentSecretary%27" Employment Secretary" see section 23.
Note 2: See subsection (6) on taking reasonable steps.
601.(2A) Subject to HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282AA%29" subsections (2AA) and HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282AB%29" (2AB), for the purposes of HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%281%29" subsection (1) and HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282%29" subparagraph (2)(a)(i), particular paid work is unsuitable for a person if and only if, in the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary's opinion:
(a) the person lacks the particular skills, experience or qualifications that are needed to perform the work and no training will be provided by the employer; or
(b) it has been established that there is medical evidence that the person has an illness, disability or injury that would be aggravated by the conditions in which the work would be performed; or
(c) performing the work in the conditions in which the work would be performed would constitute a risk to health or safety and would contravene a law of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory relating to occupational health and safety; or
(d) the work would involve the person being self-employed; or
(e) the work would be covered by an industrial award but the employer would only employ the person if the person agreed to become a party to an agreement reducing or abolishing rights that the award confers on employees; or
(f) the work would not be covered by an industrial award and the remuneration for the work would be lower than the minimum applicable rate of remuneration for comparable work that is covered by an industrial award; or
(g) commuting between the person's home and the place of work would be unreasonably difficult; or
(h) the work would require enlistment in the Defence Force or the Reserves; or
(i) the work requires the person to move from a home in a place to a home in another place; or
(j) for any other reason, the work is unsuitable for the person.
601.(2AA) If:
(a) a person seeks work in an area (the new area) that is outside the area (the old area) in which the person's home is situated; and
(b) the person is offered permanent full-time work (whether or not work of the kind sought) in the new area;
the work offered is not unsuitable for the person because of HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282A%29" paragraph (2A)(g) or (i) unless:
(c) the person is under the age of 18 or over the age of 50; or
(d) the person or the person's HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasect1.htm" \l "ssa-Section4%281%29-%27partner%27" partner is pregnant; or
(e) the person or the person's partner has a severe medical condition and the condition makes it unreasonable for the person to accept the offer; or
(f) the acceptance of the offer would jeopardise the current employment, or the employment prospects, of the person's partner; or
(g) the person or the person's partner has a child under the age of 16 years who is living with them or is living somewhere else in the old area; or
(h) the person or the person's partner has significant caring responsibilities in the old area; or
(i) the educational, cultural or religious background of the person makes it unreasonable for the person to accept the offer; or
(j) it is more appropriate for the person to participate in education or training than to accept the offer; or
(k) the person would suffer severe financial hardship if the person were to accept the offer.
601.(2AB) Without affecting what would otherwise constitute a person seeking work outside the area in which the person's home is situated, if a person, when seeking employment through an employment service provider, represents to the provider that the person is willing to undertake work outside the area in which the person's home is situated, the person is taken for the purposes of HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282AA%29" subsection (2AA) to seek work outside the area at the time when the representation is made.
601.(2B) Commuting is not unreasonably difficult for the purposes of HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282A%29" paragraph (2A)(g), if:
(a) the sole or principal reason for the difficulty is that the commuting involves a journey, either from the person's home to the place of work or from the place of work to the person's home, that does not normally exceed 90 minutes in duration; or
(b) in the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary's opinion, a substantial number of people living in the same area as the person regularly commute to their places of work in circumstances similar to those of the person.
601.(2C) HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282B%29" Subsection (2B) does not limit the Secretary's discretion to form the opinion that, for the purposes of HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282A%29" paragraph (2A)(g), commuting is not unreasonably difficult.
601.(2D) A reference in HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282A%29" subsection (2A) to remuneration for work is a reference to any HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasect8.htm" \l "ssa-Section8%281%29-%27income%27" income derived from the work that is HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasect8.htm" \l "ssa-Section8%281%29-%27incomefrompersonalexertion%27" income from personal exertion.
Note: For 'income from personal exertion' see subsection 8(1).
601.(2E) For the purposes of HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282%29" paragraph (2)(b), the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary must not notify a person that the person is required to participate in an HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27approvedprogramofworkforincomesupportpayment%27" approved program of work for income support payment if:
(a) because of the application of Module G of Payment Rate Calculator B in HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa471.htm" \l "ssa-Section1068" section 1068, the person is receiving a newstart allowance at a rate that has been reduced; or
(b) in the Secretary's opinion:
(i) it has been established that there is medical evidence that the person has an illness, disability or injury that would be aggravated by the conditions in which the work would be performed; or
(ii) performing the work in the conditions in which the work would be performed would constitute a risk to health or safety or would contravene a law of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory relating to occupational health and safety; or
(c) the person is at least 50 years of age.
601.(2F) If, after the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary has notified the person that the person is required to participate in an HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27approvedprogramofworkforincomesupportpayment%27" approved program of work for income support payment, the Secretary:
(a) is satisfied that the person is a person to whom paragraph (2E)(a) applies; or
(b) forms the opinion that HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282E%29" subparagraph (2E)(b)(i) or (ii) applies in relation to the performance of that work by the person;
the Secretary may, by notice in writing given to the person, inform the person that the requirement to participate in the program is revoked and, upon his or her so doing, the requirement is taken to have been revoked with effect from the day of that notification.
601.(3) If a person fails to take reasonable steps to comply, throughout a period, with a requirement of the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary under HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282%29" subsection (2), the person cannot be taken to satisfy the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec31.htm" \l "ssa-Section19A%282%29-%27activitytest%27" activity test in respect of that period in spite of any compliance of the person with HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%281%29" subsection (1).
Note: See subsection (6) on taking reasonable steps.
601.(4) A person also satisfies the activity test in respect of a period if, throughout the period, the person is taking reasonable steps to comply with the terms of a Newstart Activity Agreement between the Secretary and the person.
Note: See subsection (6) on taking reasonable steps.
601.(5) If a person fails to take reasonable steps to comply, throughout a period, with the terms of a Newstart Activity Agreement between the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary and the person, the person cannot be taken to satisfy the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec31.htm" \l "ssa-Section19A%282%29-%27activitytest%27" activity test in respect of the period in spite of any compliance of the person with HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%281%29" subsection (1).
Note 1: for situations where a person is not required to satisfy the activity test see:
(a) section 602 (certain persons over 50);
(b) section 603 (persons attending training camps or in remote areas).
Note 2: The operation of this section is modified for participants in the case management system by section 45 of the Employment Services Act 1994.
601.(6) For the purposes of this section, a person takes reasonable steps to comply with a notice under HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%281A%29" subsection (1A), with a requirement of the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27Secretary%27" Secretary under HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssapa205.htm" \l "ssa-section601%282%29" subsection (2), or with the terms of a Newstart Activity Agreement (as the case requires) unless the person has failed so to comply and:
(a) the main reason for failing to comply involved a matter that was within the person's control; or
(b) the circumstances that prevented the person from complying were reasonably foreseeable by the person.
601.(6A) A person also satisfies the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec31.htm" \l "ssa-Section19A%282%29-%27activitytest%27" activity test in respect of the period if, throughout the period, the person participates in the HYPERLINK "http://www.facs.gov.au/ssleg/ssact/ssasec37.htm" \l "ssa-Section23%281%29-%27CSP%27" CSP.
601.(7) In this section:
Reserves means:
(a) the Naval Reserve; or
(b) the Army Reserve; or
(c) the Air Force Reserve.
Jody Hughes and Matthew Gray, 2005, Family-friendly work arrangements: Differences between lone and couple mothers, Paper presented to the Australian Social Policy Conference A Quarter-Century of Social Change, 20-22 July 2005, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Lyn Craig and Michael Bittman, The Effect of 鱨վ on Adults' Time-use: An Analysis of the Incremental Time Costs of 鱨վ in Australia, SPRC Discussion Paper 143, August 2005
Vic Pearse, Parents on Low Income Study (Polis): Factors that promote self-reliant families, and Margot Rawsthorne, Family transitions among people on income support: causes and impacts Papers presented to the Australian Social Policy Conference A Quarter-Century of Social Change, 20-22 July 2005, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
PO Box 5009 Tel: (02) 4422 2208 NOWRA DC NSW 2541 Fax: (02) 4422 3878 ABN 32 008 659 630 Email: HYPERLINK "mailto:nfaw@nfaw.org" nfaw@nfaw.org
Web: www.nfaw.org
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M a r i e C o l e m a n C a t h e r i n e D a v i s # O From: "marie coleman"
To: "Alanna Galati"
Subject: nfawtemplate.doc-can you cut/paste this? I can't
Date: Mon, 21 Feb 2005 16:35:34 +1100
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X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180
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_AuthorEmail _AuthorEmailDisplayName A + > T 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 C S P % 2 7 7 k 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 1 . h t m ) s s a - S e c t i o n 1 9 A % 2 8 2 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a c t i v i t y t e s t % 2 7 z & 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 % 2 9 ` 6 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 1 A % 2 9 z % 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 7 k 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 1 . h t m ) s s a - S e c t i o n 1 9 A % 2 8 2 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a c t i v i t y t e s t % 2 7 ` 6 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 z % 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 7 k 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 1 . h t m ) s s a - S e c t i o n 1 9 A % 2 8 2 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a c t i v i t y t e s t % 2 7 z & ~ 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 % 2 9 ` 6 { 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 x 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 E % 2 9 u 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m H s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a p p r o v e d p r o g r a m o f w o r k f o r i n c o m e s u p p o r t p a y m e n t % 2 7 ` 6 r 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 @ o 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 4 7 1 . h t m s s a - S e c t i o n 1 0 6 8 l 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m H s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a p p r o v e d p r o g r a m o f w o r k f o r i n c o m e s u p p o r t p a y m e n t % 2 7 ` 6 i 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 z & f 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 % 2 9 n . c 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c t 8 . h t m 5 s s a - S e c t i o n 8 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 i n c o m e f r o m p e r s o n a l e x e r t i o n % 2 7 h 0 ` 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c t 8 . h t m ! s s a - S e c t i o n 8 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 i n c o m e % 2 7 ] 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 A % 2 9 Z 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 A % 2 9 W 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 B % 2 9 ` 6 T 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 Q 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 A % 2 9 G N 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 A A % 2 9 b e K 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c t 1 . h t m " s s a - S e c t i o n 4 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 p a r t n e r % 2 7 H 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 A % 2 9 ` 6 E 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 z & B 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 % 2 9 z % ? 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 D < 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 A B % 2 9 G 9 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 2 A A % 2 9 _ 6 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m / s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 E m p l o y m e n t S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 ` 6 3 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7
T 0 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 P S P % 2 7 _ - 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m / s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 E m p l o y m e n t S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 v 1 * 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m 1 s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o g r a m % 2 7 L R ' 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 0 . h t m ' s s a - S e c t i o n 1 9 - % 2 7 v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g % 2 7 $ 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m H s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a p p r o v e d p r o g r a m o f w o r k f o r i n c o m e s u p p o r t p a y m e n t % 2 7 7 k ! 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 1 . h t m ) s s a - S e c t i o n 1 9 A % 2 8 2 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a c t i v i t y t e s t % 2 7 ` 6 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 1 C % 2 9 ` 6 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 1 A % 2 9 7 k 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 1 . h t m ) s s a - S e c t i o n 1 9 A % 2 8 2 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a c t i v i t y t e s t % 2 7 ` 6 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 S e c r e t a r y % 2 7 ` . 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 7 . h t m % s s a - S e c t i o n 2 3 % 2 8 1 % 2 9 - % 2 7 A u s t r a l i a % 2 7 7 k 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a s e c 3 1 . h t m ) s s a - S e c t i o n 1 9 A % 2 8 2 % 2 9 - % 2 7 a c t i v i t y t e s t % 2 7 z ' 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 3 % 2 9 0 h t t p : / / w w w . f a c s . g o v . a u / s s l e g / s s a c t / s s a p a 2 0 5 . h t m s s a - s e c t i o n 6 0 1 % 2 8 1 A % 2 9 4 m a i l t o : n f a w @ n f a w . o r g A E U s u b m i s s i o n I n q