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Sex Discrimination and Equality before the Law) Tj 0 -28.8 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0.0351 Tw (Additional information from the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0187 Tc 0 Tw (Australia) Tj -2.904 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0155 Tc 0.0515 Tw (s adherence to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Sex) Tj T* -0.0075 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Discrimination and Equality before the Law) Tj 0 -43.2 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0511 Tw (These issues relate to questions 9 and 10 of the ) Tj 240.12 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (List of issues to be taken up in connection with the) Tj -240.12 -13.92 TD (consideration of the third and fourth reports of Australia \(CCPR/C/AUS/98/4\)) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (\(CCPR/C/AUS//98/3\)) Tj 105.6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc (.) Tj 91.2 -28.32 TD -0.008 Tc 0.044 Tw (Summary of Issues) Tj -196.8 -28.8 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0247 Tc 0.0607 Tw (Protection against sex discrimination ) Tj 192.36 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (- it is illegal to discriminate on the ground of sex in all) Tj -192.36 -14.16 TD (Australian states and territories. Even though the majority of employees are covered by the ) Tj 437.64 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Sex) Tj -437.64 -14.16 TD (Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 118.68 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( \(Cth\) or by state and territory anti-discrimination law, some employees) Tj -118.68 -14.16 TD (remain vulnerable.) Tj -18 -29.04 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0125 Tc 0.0485 Tw (Women in Australian Society) Tj 150.24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( - the situation of Australian women has continued to improve in) Tj -150.24 -14.16 TD (many areas of society, however sex discrimination in employment is prevalent, resulting in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (women being concentrated in the lowest ranks of a relatively small number of female dominated) Tj T* (industries.) Tj -18 -29.04 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0114 Tc 0.0474 Tw (HREOC Projects on Women:) Tj 36 -25.92 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0193 Tc 0.0553 Tw (Pregnancy Discrimination) Tj 134.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.72 Tc 0.72 Tw ( \226 ) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (the National Pregnancy and Work Inquiry conducted by) Tj -134.04 -14.16 TD (the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission \(HREOC\) found that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (widespread and systemic discrimination on the grounds of pregnancy and potential) Tj T* (pregnancy is common, resulting in long-term disadvantage for women and their) Tj T* (families.) Tj -18 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0266 Tc 0.0626 Tw (Maternity Leave) Tj 85.44 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw ( \226 Australia is one of a few countries that does not provide paid) Tj -85.44 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (maternity leave for women workers. HREOC has recommended further work be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (undertaken by the Australian government in this area.) Tj -18 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 18 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.048 Tw (Pay Equity) Tj 57 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( - whilst pay equity has been a recognised principle in Australia for the last) Tj -57 -14.16 TD (30 years, in reality women still do not earn as much as men for a range of complex) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (reasons.) Tj -18 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.0502 Tw (Sexual harassment ) Tj 99.24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tw (sexual harassment permeates educational institutions and) Tj -106.2 -14.16 TD (workplaces in Australia, remaining the single greatest cause of complaint under the ) Tj 401.88 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Sex) Tj -401.88 -14.16 TD (Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 118.68 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( \(Cth\).) Tj -136.68 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.036 Tc (-) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.0392 Tw (Women from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds and Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0072 Tc 0.0432 Tw (Women ) Tj 42.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0131 Tc 0.0131 Tw (\226 women from these two target groups face a range of particular sex) Tj -42.84 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (discrimination issues, rendering them more vulnerable and less aware of their rights.) Tj ET 51.12 661.2 0.72 0.72 re f 51.12 661.2 0.72 0.72 re f 51.84 661.2 500.88 0.72 re f 552.72 661.2 0.72 0.72 re f 552.72 661.2 0.72 0.72 re f 51.12 80.16 0.72 581.04 re f 51.12 79.44 0.72 0.72 re f 51.12 79.44 0.72 0.72 re f 51.84 79.44 500.88 0.72 re f 552.72 80.16 0.72 581.04 re f 552.72 79.44 0.72 0.72 re f 552.72 79.44 0.72 0.72 re f endstream endobj 13 0 obj 4906 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 12 0 R >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 20 0 R >> stream BT 56.88 794.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Reference: CCPR/C/69/L/AUS) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Human Rights Committee) Tj T* (69) Tj 12 6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.0444 Tc (th) Tj 6.36 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( Session) Tj 458.4 -727.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc (2) Tj -462.6 699.36 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 0.0429 Tw (1. Introduction) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Articles 3, 14 and 26 of the ICCPR relate to equality of men and women; Articles 3 and 14 refer) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (specifically to equality before the law. Australia has good domestic mechanisms to achieve) Tj T* (equality, and since the passage of the ) Tj 180.48 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 138.24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( \(Cth\) \(SD Act\) much has been) Tj -318.72 -14.16 TD (achieved. Unfortunately however, sex discrimination is still prevalent within Australian society.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Is it the role of the Australia) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s Sex Discrimination Commissioner, Susan Halliday, and her policy) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (unit to work towards the equality of women and men by raising awareness of, and adherence to) Tj T* (the SD Act. This is undertaken in numerous ways in varied fora, as this submission) Tj T* (demonstrates.) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0217 Tc 0.0577 Tw (2. Discrimination Protection) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (It is illegal to discriminate on the ground of sex in all Australian states and territories. Despite the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (existence of federal, state and territory legislation, and widespread education campaigns) Tj T* (conducted to increase public awareness of these issues, discrimination against women is still) Tj T* (systemic and widespread. It has been unlawful to discriminate on the ground of sex within the) Tj T* (federal jurisdiction for the last 16 years; some Australian states have also had similar anti-) Tj T* (discrimination legislation for an equal length of time.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (This section briefly outlines the provisions of the SD Act, examines the extent of sex) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (discrimination in Australia, examines the different state and federal mechanisms which address) Tj T* (complaints and details available remedies.) Tj 21.84 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.02 Tc 0.056 Tw (2.1 ) Tj 18 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984 ) Tj 145.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0024 Tc (\(Cth\)) Tj -185.52 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (The SD Act makes it unlawful to discriminate on the basis of sex, marital status, pregnancy,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (potential pregnancy or to dismiss an employee because of family responsibilities. Areas where it) Tj T* (is unlawful to discriminate include employment, education, the provision of goods and services,) Tj T* (accommodation, the disposing or acquiring of land, and in the administration of Commonwealth) Tj T* (laws and programs.) Tj 3.84 -28.32 TD (The Sex Discrimination Commissioner of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Commission \(HREOC\) has wide ranging powers under the SD Act, including:) Tj 18 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (dealing with complaints lodged under the SD Act) Tj 237.24 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (1) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -258.48 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (conducting public inquiries) Tj 131.16 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (2) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -152.4 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (undertaking research and educational campaigns to promote the objects of the SD Act) Tj 411.6 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (3) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -432.84 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (publishing guidelines for the avoidance of sex discrimination) Tj 293.28 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (4) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -314.52 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (reporting on federal legislation on matters relating to sex discrimination) Tj 344.4 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (5) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (, and) Tj -365.64 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (referring potentially discriminatory industrial awards to the Australian Industrial) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Relations Commission) Tj 109.2 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (6) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (.) Tj -166.44 -23.4 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 75.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 56.88 131.76 144 0.48 re f BT 56.88 122.52 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0252 Tc 0.0048 Tw ( s 50 ) Tj 21.48 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -140.16 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.052 Tc -0.022 Tw ( s 48\(1\)\(g\) ) Tj 44.88 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -163.56 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.054 Tc -0.024 Tw ( s 48\(1\)\(e\) ) Tj 46.92 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -165.6 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0526 Tc -0.0226 Tw ( s 48\(1\)\(ga\) ) Tj 51.84 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -170.52 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0424 Tc -0.0124 Tw ( s 48\(1\)\(f\) ) Tj 45.72 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -164.4 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0273 Tc 0.0027 Tw ( s 50A\(1\) ) Tj 40.32 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 20 0 obj 6106 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 19 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R >> stream BT 56.88 794.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Reference: CCPR/C/69/L/AUS) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Human Rights Committee) Tj T* (69) Tj 12 6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.0444 Tc (th) Tj 6.36 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( Session) Tj 458.4 -727.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc (3) Tj -458.76 685.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (Despite extensive work in areas as diverse as sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (discrimination in employment advertising, discriminatory recruitment practices and other forms) Tj T* (of sex discrimination, there is evidence that sex discrimination, especially systemic and indirect) Tj T* (discrimination, prevails in Australia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (In the 1998/99 financial year almost 85 percent of complaints made to HREOC concerned) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (discrimination in employment. For this reason, much of the work of Susan Halliday, the Sex) Tj T* (Discrimination Commissioner and her policy unit focuses on discrimination in the workplace.) Tj 18 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0128 Tc 0.0488 Tw (2.2 Complaint Statistics: The extent of discrimination in Australia) Tj -18 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (HREOC complaint statistics demonstrate the continuing nature of discriminatory practices. State) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (and Territory anti-discrimination agencies also independently receive and hear complaints. In) Tj T* (addition, private management of complaints is facilitated by independent lawyers, employer) Tj T* (organisations, unions and the industrial relations system. Anecdotally we also know that many) Tj T* (issues go unresolved. As a result, the following statistical analysis provides an indication of the) Tj T* (trend of complaints but cannot be seen as wholly conclusive.) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.046 Tw (Table 1) Tj 38.4 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( shows the number of formal complaints received under the SD Act by area of) Tj -38.4 -14.16 TD (discrimination since June 1996. Prior to 1996 Australian State and Territory agencies used) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (different methods to HREOC to count complaints. Data from previous years has therefore not) Tj T* (been included as valid comparisons cannot be made.) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0236 Tc 0.0596 Tw (Table 1. Sex Discrimination Act complaints received: 1996/97 - 1998/99 by area) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 57.24 366 261.48 14.16 re f BT 128.76 368.64 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0144 Tc 0.0504 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 319.44 366 162.36 14.16 re f BT 352.32 368.64 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0027 Tc 0.0387 Tw (Number of complaints) Tj ET 56.52 380.16 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 380.16 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 380.16 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 380.16 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 380.16 162.36 0.72 re f 481.8 380.16 0.72 0.72 re f 481.8 380.16 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 366 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 366 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 366 0.72 14.16 re f 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 57.24 351.12 261.48 14.16 re f 57.24 336.96 261.48 14.16 re f 319.44 351.12 52.44 14.16 re f BT 342.48 353.76 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (1996) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 319.44 336.96 52.44 14.16 re f BT 346.92 339.6 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.04 Tc (/97) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 372.6 351.12 52.44 14.16 re f BT 395.64 353.76 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.048 Tc (1997) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 372.6 336.96 52.44 14.16 re f BT 400.08 339.6 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.04 Tc (/98) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 425.76 351.12 56.04 14.16 re f BT 448.8 353.76 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0432 Tc (1998/) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 425.76 336.96 56.04 14.16 re f BT 456.72 339.6 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.048 Tc (99) Tj ET 56.52 365.28 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 365.28 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 365.28 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 365.28 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 365.28 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 365.28 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 365.28 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 365.28 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 365.28 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 336.96 0.72 28.32 re f 318.72 336.96 0.72 28.32 re f 371.88 336.96 0.72 28.32 re f 425.04 336.96 0.72 28.32 re f 481.8 336.96 0.72 28.32 re f BT 80.28 324.96 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (Employment) Tj 265.32 0 TD (785) Tj 53.16 0 TD (477) Tj 54.96 0 TD (549) Tj ET 56.52 336.24 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 336.24 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 336.24 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 336.24 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 336.24 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 336.24 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 336.24 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 336.24 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 336.24 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 322.08 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 322.08 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 322.08 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 322.08 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 322.08 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 310.08 TD (Goods, services and facilities) Tj 268.32 0 TD (96) Tj 53.16 0 TD (78) Tj 54.96 0 TD (56) Tj ET 56.52 321.36 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 321.36 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 321.36 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 321.36 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 321.36 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 321.36 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 321.36 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 321.36 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 321.36 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 307.2 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 307.2 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 307.2 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 307.2 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 307.2 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 295.2 TD (Land) Tj 272.4 0 TD (-) Tj 53.16 0 TD (-) Tj 53.88 0 TD (6) Tj ET 56.52 306.48 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 306.48 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 306.48 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 306.48 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 306.48 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 306.48 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 306.48 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 306.48 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 306.48 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 292.32 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 292.32 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 292.32 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 292.32 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 292.32 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 280.32 TD (Accommodation) Tj 271.32 0 TD (4) Tj 53.16 0 TD (5) Tj 51.96 0 TD (10) Tj ET 56.52 291.6 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 291.6 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 291.6 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 291.6 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 291.6 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 291.6 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 291.6 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 291.6 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 291.6 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 277.44 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 277.44 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 277.44 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 277.44 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 277.44 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 265.44 TD (Superannuation and insurance) Tj 271.32 0 TD (6) Tj 53.16 0 TD (1) Tj 56.04 0 TD (-) Tj ET 56.52 276.72 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 276.72 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 276.72 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 276.72 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 276.72 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 276.72 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 276.72 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 276.72 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 276.72 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 262.56 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 262.56 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 262.56 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 262.56 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 262.56 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 250.56 TD (Education) Tj 271.32 0 TD (9) Tj 53.16 0 TD (2) Tj 54.96 0 TD (4) Tj ET 56.52 261.84 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 261.84 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 261.84 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 261.84 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 261.84 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 261.84 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 261.84 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 261.84 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 261.84 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 247.68 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 247.68 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 247.68 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 247.68 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 247.68 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 235.68 TD (Clubs) Tj 271.32 0 TD (3) Tj 50.16 0 TD (13) Tj 57.96 0 TD (5) Tj ET 56.52 246.96 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 246.96 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 246.96 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 246.96 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 246.96 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 246.96 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 246.96 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 246.96 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 246.96 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 232.8 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 232.8 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 232.8 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 232.8 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 232.8 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 220.8 TD (Administration of federal laws and programs) Tj 268.32 0 TD (35) Tj 53.16 0 TD (14) Tj 54.96 0 TD (20) Tj ET 56.52 232.08 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 232.08 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 232.08 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 232.08 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 232.08 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 232.08 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 232.08 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 232.08 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 232.08 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 217.92 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 217.92 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 217.92 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 217.92 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 217.92 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 205.92 TD (Application forms etc) Tj 271.32 0 TD (2) Tj 54.24 0 TD (-) Tj 54.96 0 TD (-) Tj ET 56.52 217.2 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 217.2 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 217.2 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 217.2 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 217.2 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 217.2 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 217.2 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 217.2 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 217.2 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 203.04 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 203.04 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 203.04 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 203.04 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 203.04 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 191.04 TD (Trade unions, accrediting bodies) Tj 272.4 0 TD (-) Tj 53.16 0 TD (-) Tj 54.96 0 TD (-) Tj ET 56.52 202.32 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 202.32 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 202.32 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 202.32 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 202.32 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 202.32 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 202.32 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 202.32 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 202.32 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 188.16 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 188.16 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 188.16 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 188.16 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 188.16 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 175.92 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.028 Tc (TOTAL*) Tj 265.32 0 TD -0.048 Tc (940) Tj 53.16 0 TD (590) Tj 54.96 0 TD (650) Tj ET 56.52 187.44 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 187.44 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 187.44 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 187.44 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 187.44 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 187.44 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 187.44 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 187.44 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 187.44 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 173.28 0.72 14.16 re f 56.52 172.56 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 172.56 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 172.56 261.48 0.72 re f 318.72 173.28 0.72 14.16 re f 318.72 172.56 0.72 0.72 re f 319.44 172.56 52.44 0.72 re f 371.88 173.28 0.72 14.16 re f 371.88 172.56 0.72 0.72 re f 372.6 172.56 52.44 0.72 re f 425.04 173.28 0.72 14.16 re f 425.04 172.56 0.72 0.72 re f 425.76 172.56 56.04 0.72 re f 481.8 173.28 0.72 14.16 re f 481.8 172.56 0.72 0.72 re f 481.8 172.56 0.72 0.72 re f BT 74.88 161.28 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (*One complaint may have multiple areas.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Allegations of discrimination in employment dominate, followed by complaints concerning the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (provision of goods and services. The number of complaints lodged with the central office in) Tj T* (Sydney indicate that the proportion of total complaints alleging discrimination in employment) Tj T* (have increased over the past 3 years.) Tj ET endstream endobj 23 0 obj 10459 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R >> stream BT 56.88 794.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Reference: CCPR/C/69/L/AUS) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Human Rights Committee) Tj T* (69) Tj 12 6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.0444 Tc (th) Tj 6.36 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( Session) Tj 458.4 -727.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc (4) Tj -458.76 699.36 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0197 Tc 0.0557 Tw (Table 2. Sex Discrimination Act complaints received: 1996/97 - 1998/99 by ground) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 57.24 706.08 183.6 14.16 re f BT 98.76 708.72 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0144 Tc 0.0504 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 241.56 706.08 211.92 14.16 re f BT 299.28 708.72 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0027 Tc 0.0387 Tw (Number of complaints) Tj ET 56.52 720.24 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 720.24 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 720.24 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 720.24 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 720.24 211.92 0.72 re f 453.48 720.24 0.72 0.72 re f 453.48 720.24 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 706.08 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 706.08 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 706.08 0.72 14.16 re f 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 57.24 691.2 183.6 14.16 re f 241.56 691.2 70.08 14.16 re f BT 265.92 693.84 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0446 Tc 0 Tw (1996/97) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 312.36 691.2 70.2 14.16 re f BT 336.72 693.84 TD 0 0 0 rg (1997/98) Tj ET 0.898 0.898 0.898 rg 383.28 691.2 70.2 14.16 re f BT 407.64 693.84 TD 0 0 0 rg (1998/99) Tj ET 56.52 705.36 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 705.36 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 705.36 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 705.36 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 705.36 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 705.36 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 705.36 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 705.36 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 705.36 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 691.2 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 691.2 0.72 14.16 re f 311.64 691.2 0.72 14.16 re f 382.56 691.2 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 691.2 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 679.2 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (Sex Discrimination) Tj 196.32 0 TD (243) Tj 70.8 0 TD (199) Tj 70.92 0 TD (210) Tj ET 56.52 690.48 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 690.48 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 690.48 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 690.48 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 690.48 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 690.48 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 690.48 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 690.48 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 690.48 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 676.32 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 676.32 0.72 14.16 re f 311.64 676.32 0.72 14.16 re f 382.56 676.32 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 676.32 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 664.32 TD (Marital status) Tj 199.32 0 TD (57) Tj 70.8 0 TD (35) Tj 70.92 0 TD (58) Tj ET 56.52 675.6 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 675.6 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 675.6 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 675.6 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 675.6 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 675.6 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 675.6 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 675.6 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 675.6 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 661.44 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 661.44 0.72 14.16 re f 311.64 661.44 0.72 14.16 re f 382.56 661.44 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 661.44 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 649.44 TD (Pregnancy) Tj 199.32 0 TD (93) Tj 70.8 0 TD (61) Tj 67.92 0 TD (107) Tj ET 56.52 660.72 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 660.72 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 660.72 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 660.72 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 660.72 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 660.72 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 660.72 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 660.72 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 660.72 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 646.56 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 646.56 0.72 14.16 re f 311.64 646.56 0.72 14.16 re f 382.56 646.56 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 646.56 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 634.56 TD (Sexual harassment) Tj 196.32 0 TD (452) Tj 70.8 0 TD (273) Tj 70.92 0 TD (214) Tj ET 56.52 645.84 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 645.84 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 645.84 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 645.84 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 645.84 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 645.84 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 645.84 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 645.84 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 645.84 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 631.68 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 631.68 0.72 14.16 re f 311.64 631.68 0.72 14.16 re f 382.56 631.68 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 631.68 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 619.68 TD (Parental status, Family) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (responsibility) Tj 199.32 14.16 TD (22) Tj 70.8 0 TD (15) Tj 70.92 0 TD (27) Tj ET 56.52 630.96 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 630.96 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 630.96 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 630.96 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 630.96 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 630.96 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 630.96 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 630.96 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 630.96 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 602.64 0.72 28.32 re f 240.84 602.64 0.72 28.32 re f 311.64 602.64 0.72 28.32 re f 382.56 602.64 0.72 28.32 re f 453.48 602.64 0.72 28.32 re f BT 80.28 590.64 TD (Victimisation) Tj 199.32 0 TD (67) Tj 70.8 0 TD (21) Tj 74.88 0 TD (-) Tj ET 56.52 601.92 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 601.92 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 601.92 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 601.92 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 601.92 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 601.92 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 601.92 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 601.92 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 601.92 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 587.76 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 587.76 0.72 14.16 re f 311.64 587.76 0.72 14.16 re f 382.56 587.76 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 587.76 0.72 14.16 re f BT 80.28 575.52 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.028 Tc (TOTAL*) Tj 196.32 0 TD -0.048 Tc (934) Tj 70.8 0 TD (604) Tj 70.92 0 TD (645) Tj ET 56.52 587.04 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 587.04 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 587.04 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 587.04 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 587.04 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 587.04 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 587.04 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 587.04 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 587.04 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 572.88 0.72 14.16 re f 56.52 572.16 0.72 0.72 re f 56.52 572.16 0.72 0.72 re f 57.24 572.16 183.6 0.72 re f 240.84 572.88 0.72 14.16 re f 240.84 572.16 0.72 0.72 re f 241.56 572.16 70.08 0.72 re f 311.64 572.88 0.72 14.16 re f 311.64 572.16 0.72 0.72 re f 312.36 572.16 70.2 0.72 re f 382.56 572.88 0.72 14.16 re f 382.56 572.16 0.72 0.72 re f 383.28 572.16 70.2 0.72 re f 453.48 572.88 0.72 14.16 re f 453.48 572.16 0.72 0.72 re f 453.48 572.16 0.72 0.72 re f BT 74.88 560.88 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (*One complaint may have multiple grounds.) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.046 Tw (Table 2) Tj 38.4 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( shows the spread of complaints between the various types of sex discrimination defined) Tj -38.4 -14.16 TD (in the SD Act. Sexual harassment remains the single greatest cause of complaint, with sex) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (discrimination the next most numerous ground.) Tj 227.28 0 TD /F4 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (Statistics indicate a continual increase in the) Tj -230.28 -14.16 TD (percentage of sexual harassment complaints.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Over the past three years the majority of complaints under the SD Act were lodged by women. It) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (should be noted that due to constitutional restrictions on federal power, men are restricted to) Tj T* (lodging a complaint under the SD Act where the respondent is either a Commonwealth agency,) Tj T* (a trading corporation, a financial institution or engaged in interstate trade and commerce. State) Tj T* (and Territory anti-discrimination laws are not limited in this way.) Tj 18 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0167 Tc 0.0527 Tw (2.3 Federal Avenues of Redress: Grievance and complaints procedures) Tj -18 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A person who considers that they have suffered sex discrimination can ask that the grievance be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (dealt with internally by the employer. As an alternative, or at any stage if the individual is not) Tj T* (satisfied with the way the grievance is dealt with by the employer, they may bring a complaint) Tj T* (under the SD Act or state/territory anti-discrimination legislation. In some cases, federal or state) Tj T* (workplace relations legislation may also provide an avenue of redress for concerns.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (The SD Act makes Australian employers legally responsible for providing a workplace that is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (free from unlawful discrimination and harassment. One important step for employers in) Tj T* (discharging that legal responsibility is to ensure that they have some form of internal procedures) Tj T* (for resolving discrimination and harassment grievances.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (The SD Act provides that employers are directly liable for the discrimination that occurs in their) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (workplace.) Tj 52.8 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (7) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf ( Employers may also be vicariously liable for acts of their employees that could be) Tj -56.04 -14.16 TD (considered as sex-based harassment for the purposes of the SD Act, unless they have taken all) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (reasonable steps to prevent that harassment.) Tj 210.24 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (8) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf ( This requires more than just simply producing) Tj -213.48 -14.16 TD (written policies, there is also a duty to communicate these policies effectively to all employees) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (and members of management, a responsibility for promulgating the policies and taking remedial) Tj T* (action when the policy has been breached.) Tj -18 -13.08 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 75.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 56.88 96.48 144 0.48 re f BT 56.88 87.24 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tw (7) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0252 Tc 0.0048 Tw ( s 14 ) Tj 21.48 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -140.16 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0039 Tw ( s 106 ) Tj 26.52 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0074 Tc 0.0374 Tw ( \(Cth\): ) Tj 28.8 0 TD 0.0058 Tc 0.0242 Tw (a person who causes, instructs, induces, aids or permits another person to do) Tj -174 -11.76 TD -0.009 Tc 0.039 Tw (an act which is unlawful shall be taken also to have done the act.) Tj ET endstream endobj 26 0 obj 9663 endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 29 0 R >> stream BT 56.88 794.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Reference: CCPR/C/69/L/AUS) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Human Rights Committee) Tj T* (69) Tj 12 6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.0444 Tc (th) Tj 6.36 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( Session) Tj 458.4 -727.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc (5) Tj -458.76 685.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (One alternative to handling grievances internally is to lodge complaints of discrimination under) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (the SD Act. Until April 2000 the Sex Discrimination Commissioner investigated and attempted,) Tj T* (where appropriate, to resolve complaints of discrimination) Tj 280.56 0 TD ( through a process of conciliation.) Tj 162.96 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (9) Tj -443.52 -32.88 TD /F0 12 Tf (The passage of the ) Tj 92.28 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Human Rights Legislation Amendment Act 2000 ) Tj 234.6 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (\(Cth\) however, now makes) Tj -326.88 -14.16 TD (the President of HREOC responsible for the complaint handling functions of complaints lodged) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (under the SD Act. If conciliation of the complaint is unsuccessful or the complaint is terminated) Tj T* (by the President for other reasons, the person affected by the discrimination may take the matter) Tj T* (to the Federal Court of Australia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Outcomes available through conciliation or by order of the Federal Court will include:) Tj 18 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (a written apology from the respondent;) Tj -17.88 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (changes in working conditions or practices;) Tj -17.88 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (development of anti-discrimination, harassment and equal employment opportunity) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (policies;) Tj -17.88 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (reviews of grievance procedures, and) Tj -17.88 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (financial compensation.) Tj -32.52 -28.32 TD (There are some acts of discrimination which are offences under the SD Act. Although the SD) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Act makes harassment a civil offence, some types of harassment may also be offences under) Tj T* (the criminal law. These include physical molestation or assault, indecent exposure, sexual) Tj T* (assault, stalking and obscene communications. Civil and criminal proceedings arising from) Tj T* (such complaints or charges are not mutually exclusive.) Tj -7.2 -29.28 TD (The SD Act also provides that advertising that indicates an intention to discriminate) Tj 402.24 6 TD /F0 8.52 Tf 0.06 Tc (10) Tj 8.64 -6 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tw (and) Tj -413.4 -15.36 TD (victimisation of people bringing complaints under the SD Act) Tj 296.28 6 TD /F0 8.52 Tf 0.06 Tc (11) Tj 8.64 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( are offences. There are also a) Tj -304.92 -15.36 TD (small number of offences that are concerned with obstructing the complaint-handling process.) Tj 450.24 6 TD /F0 8.52 Tf 0.06 Tc (12) Tj -428.4 -34.8 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0152 Tc 0.0512 Tw (2.4 Coverage of the SD Act in Australian States and Territories) Tj -18 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (The vast majority of people in Australian workplaces are covered by the SD Act, or a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (state/territory anti-discrimination Act.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Sections 10 and 11 of the SD Act provide that the SD Act is not intended to exclude or limit the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (operation of a state/territory law that is capable of operating concurrently with the SD Act.) Tj T* (Section 11 also requires that the state/territory law further the objects of CEDAW.) Tj 394.08 0 TD /F4 12 Tf ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (Those) Tj -397.08 -14.16 TD (sections make clear that the SD Act is not intended to cover the field of sex discrimination law.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (This means that where provisions of the SD Act and state/territory anti-discrimination Acts are) Tj T* (similar, and can operate together, both will apply.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Where a state/territory anti-discrimination Act covers an area that the SD Act does not, then it is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (probable that the state/territory provision will apply to Commonwealth actions in that) Tj -18 -29.88 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 75.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 56.88 108.24 144 0.48 re f BT 56.88 99 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tw (9) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.054 Tc -0.024 Tw ( s 48\(1\)\(a\) ) Tj 44.4 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -163.08 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0252 Tc 0.0048 Tw ( s 86 ) Tj 21.48 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984 ) Tj 117.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0 Tw (\(Cth\).) Tj -145.92 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc (11) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0252 Tc 0.0048 Tw ( s 94 ) Tj 21.48 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984 ) Tj 117.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0 Tw (\(Cth\).) Tj -145.92 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc (12) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0149 Tc 0.0151 Tw ( ss89-90 ) Tj 36.12 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984 ) Tj 117.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0 Tw (\(Cth\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 29 0 obj 5429 endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 28 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Length 32 0 R >> stream BT 56.88 794.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Reference: CCPR/C/69/L/AUS) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Human Rights Committee) Tj T* (69) Tj 12 6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.0444 Tc (th) Tj 6.36 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( Session) Tj 458.4 -727.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc (6) Tj -458.76 699.6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (state/territory, provided that the legislation is not inconsistent with the SD Act. However, where) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (the legislation is inconsistent, the SD Act, as a federal Act, generally prevails where applicable.) Tj 457.2 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (13) Tj -457.2 -32.88 TD /F0 12 Tf (Generally there is a high degree of consistency between the legislation and the practical) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (application of the legislative arrangements causes little confusion.) Tj 18 -28.32 TD /F4 12 Tf (2.4.1 Complaints under state/territory anti-discrimination Acts) Tj -18 -28.32 TD /F0 12 Tf (Each state/territory anti-discrimination Act has procedures for lodging complaints. These) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (procedures are similar to those under the SD Act.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Attempts to resolve complaints by conciliation are made. However, if the attempts are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (unsuccessful or it appears that complaints cannot be resolved by conciliation, complaints may be) Tj T* (referred to a tribunal or other decision making body.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (In circumstances where both the SD Act and a state/territory Act applies, the complainant will) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (have a choice of remedy. As most complainants know little about how the bodies operate, it is) Tj T* (likely that accessibility of the remedy will be the significant factor in choosing whether to) Tj T* (proceed under the SD Act or the state/territory Act.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (There are some differences between the federal and state/territory Acts. This means that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (complainants may not always have an opportunity to choose which Act is best for their) Tj T* (complaint. For example, a woman wishing to complain about discrimination in New South) Tj T* (Wales Government employment cannot bring that complaint under the SD Act and a woman) Tj T* (wishing to complain about discrimination by a small business employer \(depending on the) Tj T* (number of other employees in the business\) will only be able to bring such a complaint under) Tj T* (the SD Act.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F4 12 Tf (2.4.2 Exemptions) Tj -18 -28.32 TD /F0 12 Tf (Coverage of the SD Act is limited or non-existent in some areas. The Report of the National) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Pregnancy and Work Inquiry, ) Tj 144.36 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Pregnant and Productive: It) Tj -4.08 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s a right not a privilege to work while) Tj -144.36 -14.16 TD (pregnant) Tj 43.32 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (, highlights the uncertainties surrounding coverage of specific groups and examines) Tj -43.32 -14.16 TD (sections of the Act that require amendment to ensure consistency of coverage and equality between) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (men and women.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Categories of employees not covered by the SD Act include:) Tj 36 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (state and territory employees) Tj 138 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (14) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -162.36 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (judges and members of parliament) Tj 165.6 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (15) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (, and) Tj -189.96 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (unpaid workers, if they are not considered to be employees and an employment contract) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (does not exist) Tj 66.12 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (16) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (.) Tj -128.16 -28.32 TD (Other exemptions include:) Tj 0 -34.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 75.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 56.88 108.24 144 0.48 re f BT 56.88 99 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tw (13) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.019 Tc 0.011 Tw ( Subject to the provisions of ss 10\(3\) and 11\(3\) ) Tj 190.68 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -312.6 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0252 Tc 0.0048 Tw ( s 13 ) Tj 21.48 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) Tj -143.4 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0088 Tc 0.0212 Tw ( The situation in respect to statutory officers is also unclear.) Tj -6.48 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.014 Tc 0.044 Tw ( CCH Australia Limited ) Tj 98.16 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0125 Tc 0.0175 Tw (Australian Labour Law Reporter) Tj 132 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0347 Tc -0.0047 Tw ( CCH Sydney 1998, 1000.) 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Tj -368.64 -28.32 TD (None of HREOC) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s 1992 recommendations to repeal discriminatory sections of the Act or to remove) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (exemptions relating to State instrumentalities, educational institutions established for religious) Tj T* (purposes, acts done under statutory authority, voluntary bodies and sport have been realised.) Tj T* (Certain recommendations contained in the ) Tj 206.04 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Equality Before the Law Report) Tj 152.64 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( were implemented in the) Tj -358.68 -14.16 TD /F4 12 Tf (Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 1995 ) Tj 200.76 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (\(Cth\), but these did not include realising) Tj -200.76 -14.16 TD (recommendations relating to the removal of exemptions.) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.012 Tc 0.048 Tw (3. Women in Australian Society) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (The situation of Australian women has continued to improve in many areas of society, for example,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (increasing numbers of women are entering parliament or undertaking tertiary education. Focusing) Tj T* (on employment however, sex discrimination continues, resulting in women being concentrated in) Tj T* (the lowest ranks of a relatively small number of female dominated industries. The number of) Tj T* (women in management or on committees remains small, there are still relatively few women) Tj 0 -29.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 75.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 56.88 167.04 144 0.48 re f BT 56.88 157.8 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tw (17) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.047 Tc -0.017 Tw ( s 14\(3\) ) Tj 33.24 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) Tj 115.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0024 Tc 0.0276 Tw ( \(Cth\).) 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Tj 36 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0183 Tc 0.0543 Tw (3.1 Statistical Summary) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3.1.1 Managers) Tj 0 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (In 1998, 22% of managers and administrators were women) Tj 282.72 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (26) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -307.08 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (Men dominate generalist managerial positions; women dominate as:) Tj 0.12 -14.16 TD /F5 12 Tf (o) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (child care coordinators \(71%\)) Tj 142.56 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (27) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -167.04 -14.52 TD /F5 12 Tf (o) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (health service managers \(58%\)) Tj 147.72 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (28) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -172.2 -14.52 TD /F5 12 Tf (o) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (managers in educational institutions \(37.7%\)) Tj 214.68 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (29) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -239.16 -14.52 TD /F5 12 Tf (o) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (personal and other services \(54.5\)) Tj 161.88 5.04 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.04 -0.48 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tw (30) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -188.4 -14.52 TD /F5 12 Tf (o) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (retail \(44%\)) Tj 57.48 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (31) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -99.96 -15.24 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 17.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (There are only 6% of women managers in the fields of engineering, distribution and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (process managers) Tj 84.6 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (32) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (.) Tj -108.96 -28.32 TD /F4 12 Tf (3.1.2 As Board Members) Tj 0 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (11% of public sector boards members were women) Tj 245.76 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (33) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -270.24 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (8.3% of all private sector board members were women) Tj 262.32 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (34) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (.) Tj -286.8 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (In 1999, of the 47% of Top 300 companies that had women board directors, 63% had) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (only one women director) Tj 119.76 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (35) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (.) Tj -144.24 -28.32 TD /F4 12 Tf (3.1.3 Politics) Tj 0 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (In 1999, there were 55 women in federal parliament, 22 in the Senate, 23 in the House of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Representatives ) Tj -0.12 Tc 0.12 Tw (\226 women) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s participation has risen to an all time high of 24.5%) Tj 377.76 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (36) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -402.24 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (Women comprise 21% of Members of Parliament ) Tj -0.0248 Tc 0.0248 Tw (\226 23% in House of Representatives,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (29% in the Senate) Tj 86.88 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (37) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (.) Tj -111.36 -28.32 TD /F4 12 Tf (3.1.4 Occupations) Tj 0 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (In 1998, women made up 77% of people employed in the health and community service) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (industries and 68% of education employees) Tj 211.32 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (38) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -235.8 -14.88 TD /F3 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (Men dominate mining \(89%\), construction \(86%\) and electricity, gas, and water supply) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (industries \(80%\)) Tj 79.56 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (39) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 12 Tf (;) Tj -140.04 -40.32 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 75.6 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 56.88 237.6 144 0.48 re f BT 56.88 228.36 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tw (26) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0338 Tw ( Office of the Status of Women \(OSW\). ) Tj 161.28 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.031 Tc -0.001 Tw (Women in Australia 1999) Tj 102.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0039 Tw (, Canberra, OSW, 1999, 61.) Tj -270.36 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (27) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0338 Tw ( Office of the Status of Women \(OSW\). ) Tj 161.28 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.031 Tc -0.001 Tw (Women in Australia 1999) Tj 102.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0039 Tw (, Canberra, OSW, 1999, 61.) Tj -270.36 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (28) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0338 Tw ( Office of the Status of Women \(OSW\). ) Tj 161.28 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.031 Tc -0.001 Tw (Women in Australia 1999) Tj 102.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0039 Tw (, Canberra, OSW, 1999, 61.) Tj -270.36 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (29) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0121 Tc 0.0421 Tw ( Affirmative Action Agency. ) Tj 116.76 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0031 Tc 0.0269 Tw (Action News) Tj 50.16 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.027 Tc 0.003 Tw (, Number 40, December 1999, 9.) 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Tj 0 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (36) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0338 Tw ( Office of the Status of Women \(OSW\). ) Tj 161.28 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.031 Tc -0.001 Tw (Women in Australia 1999) Tj 102.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0039 Tw (, Canberra, OSW, 1999, 61.) Tj -270.36 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (37) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0431 Tc -0.0131 Tw ( Baird, J. ) Tj -0.1252 Tc 0.1552 Tw (\223Winning with women) Tj -1.1376 Tc 0 Tw (\224) Tj 0.03 Tc (, ) Tj 138.72 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.0351 Tc -0.0051 Tw (Sydney Morning Herald) Tj 96.84 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0197 Tc 0.0103 Tw (, 16 August, 1999, 13.) Tj -242.04 -7.2 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (38) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0338 Tw ( Office of the Status of Women \(OSW\). ) Tj 161.28 0 TD /F4 9.96 Tf 0.031 Tc -0.001 Tw (Women in Australia 1999) Tj 102.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0039 Tw (, Canberra, OSW, 1999, 38.) 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Tj -280.08 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0098 Tc 0.0458 Tw (4. HREOC Projects on Women) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (The SD Act contains provisions for the Sex Discrimination Commissioner to undertake research) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (and educational campaigns to promote awareness and adherence to the Act. This is a major strategy) Tj T* (to achieve equality of women and men in Australia. This section outlines the work undertaken by) Tj T* (the Sex Discrimination Commissioner and her policy unit on major sex discrimination issues.) Tj 36 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0194 Tc 0.0554 Tw (4.1 Pregnancy Discrimination) Tj -36 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A major focus of the work undertaken by Australia) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s Sex Discrimination Commissioner and her) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (policy unit over the last eighteen months has focused on pregnancy discrimination. 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Tj -54 -28.32 TD (The Australian Government has yet to respond to the 46 recommendations made in the report. Once) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (a response has been received by HREOC, educative guidelines on managing pregnancy at work will) Tj T* (be produced and widely distributed.) Tj 36 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0254 Tc 0.0614 Tw (4.2 Maternity Leave) Tj -36 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Submissions to the National Pregnancy and Work Inquiry also raised the need for women to be able) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (to access paid maternity leave. Of the 167 signatory countries to the ) Tj 327.6 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Convention to Eliminate All) Tj -327.6 -14.16 TD (Forms of Discrimination Against Women ) Tj 200.76 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (\(CEDAW\), 157 provide paid maternity leave. Australia is) Tj -200.76 -14.16 TD (one of 6 countries that does not provide paid maternity leave, as Australia has a reservation to this) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (CEDAW Article.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (The National Pregnancy and Work Inquiry recommended that the Australian government remove) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (the reservation in CEDAW to paid maternity leave, and undertaking economic modelling and) Tj T* (analysis of paid maternity leave options.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Australian employees are entitled to 52 unpaid weeks of unpaid maternity leave once they have 12) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (months continuous service with an employer. This provision does not universally cover all) Tj T* (employees as casual employees are excluded under most jurisdictions. Some casual employees) Tj T* (however, may be entitled to a period of maternity leave under state or federal awards, legislation or) Tj T* (agreements.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (The Queensland Government has also legislated to enable casuals who have been employed with the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (same employer for two years to access maternity leave. The New South Wales Government has a) Tj T* (similar bill before parliament.) Tj 36 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.014 Tc 0.05 Tw (4.3 Pay Equity) Tj -36 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Article 6 of the ICCPR enshrines the right of equality of women and men before the law. Analogous) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (to this is ensuring that legislature enshrines the right of equal pay for work of equal value for men) Tj T* (and women. Whilst pay equity has been a principle underpinning the Australian industrial relations) Tj T* (system since 1969, in reality women still do not earn as much as men, for a range of interlocking) Tj T* (and complex reasons which have their basis in historical factors.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Studies show that women have consistently earned less than male employees since male/female pay) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (ratios began to be measured in the late 1960s. Even though women) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s wages have risen since the) Tj ET endstream endobj 47 0 obj 4224 endobj 45 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 34 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 46 0 R >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Length 50 0 R >> stream BT 56.88 794.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Reference: CCPR/C/69/L/AUS) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Human Rights Committee) Tj T* (69) Tj 12 6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.0444 Tc (th) Tj 6.36 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( Session) Tj 453.36 -727.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc (11) Tj -471.72 699.6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc (1970s, the narrowing of the gender pay gap has slowed in recent years. Some studies state that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (women are earning 80% of a male wage, others have the figure at 83% or 84%.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (The Sex Discrimination Commissioner and her policy unit have been involved in working towards) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (reducing the gender pay gap. 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Sexual harassment remains the single greatest) Tj T* (cause of complaint under the SD Act.) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F6 12 Tf (The Sex Discrimination Commissioner regularly receives and accepts numerous requests to) Tj 0 -14.4 TD (conduct seminars and workshops to address sexual harassment. The demand for sexual) Tj T* (harassment publications also remains high and consistent. HREOC has conducted numerous) Tj T* (educational campaigns as part of its ongoing work to reduce and ultimately eliminate sexual) Tj T* (harassment in public fora.) Tj 36 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0061 Tc 0.0421 Tw (4.5 Women from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds) Tj -36 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Women from women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds face a range of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (particular sex discrimination issues. The National P regnancy and Work Inquiry found that these) Tj T* (women are particularly vulnerable and less aware of their rights in relation to sex discrimination.) Tj T* (Additionally, migrant and refugee women with low level English language proficiency tend to be) Tj T* (clustered in the lowest paying occupations, where they are further subject to inequitable work) Tj T* (conditions and sex discrimination, including sexual harassment.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Commissioner Halliday consults with organisations representing migrant and refugee women and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (speaks with individual women on a regular basis. The Sex Discrimination Unit has published and) Tj T* (distributed a range of publications in various languages to inform women of their rights.) 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Tj 0 -28.32 TD (The Inquiry indicated while knowledge of race discrimination law was good, knowledge of sex) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (discrimination law was less evident. Even less prominent was the understanding of the intersection) Tj T* (between race and sex discrimination.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (The impact and practices of sex discrimination on the lives of Indigenous women continues to be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (under-researched and not properly understood in Australian society. 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Tj ET endstream endobj 59 0 obj 471 endobj 56 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 57 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 58 0 R >> endobj 61 0 obj << /Length 62 0 R >> stream BT 56.88 794.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Reference: CCPR/C/69/L/AUS) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Human Rights Committee) Tj T* (69) Tj 12 6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.0444 Tc (th) Tj 6.36 -6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( Session) Tj 453.36 -727.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc (14) Tj -471.72 699.36 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.002 Tc 0.038 Tw (5. Conclusion) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (While significant gains have been made since the introduction of the SD Act, as detailed in this) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (submission sex discrimination is widespread and endemic in Australian society. Substantial areas of) Tj T* (sex discrimination still exist, especially in regards to employment and much work remains to be) Tj T* (done. Areas requiring particular attention include discrimination on the ground of pregnancy and) Tj T* (potential pregnancy, maternity leave, gender pay inequity and sexual harassment.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD (Amending the SD Act to remove exemptions would contribute to furthering equality between) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (women and men in Australia. The 1999 Report of the National Pregnancy and Work Inquiry) Tj T* (recommends that the SD Act be amended to broaden coverage and that certain exemptions from the) Tj T* (SD Act be removed or circumscribed. HREOC is still waiting on a response from the Australian) Tj T* (government.) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0091 Tc 0.0451 Tw (6. Request for Clarification) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (The Human Rights Committee has asked whether the recommendations contained within the Law) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (Reform Commission) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s Report, ) Tj 150.72 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (Equality Before the Law) Tj 117 0 TD /F0 12 Tf ( at paragraph 217 of the third report have) Tj -267.72 -14.16 TD (been implemented. HREOC would like clarification of the information sought as this report) Tj 0 -14.16 TD (contains only two parts and no paragraph 217.) 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