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Tj 10.56 0 TD /F2 14.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 25.44 0 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.0254 Tc 0.0375 Tw (Detention of Unauthorised Arrivals) Tj -54 -27.72 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (This issue relates to ) Tj 98.76 0 TD (questions 2 and 17 ) Tj 93.36 0 TD (of the ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0048 Tw (List is issues to be taken up in) Tj ET 188.88 727.32 93.24 0.6 re f 312.24 727.32 143.52 0.6 re f BT 90.12 715.44 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0018 Tw (connection with the consideration of the third and fourth reports of Australia) Tj ET 90.12 713.52 370.32 0.6 re f BT 90.12 675 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.0326 Tw (Summary of issue) Tj 0 -31.2 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 1.68 Tw (Sections 189 and 196 of the) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 146.64 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 1.68 Tw (Migration Act 1958) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 102.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (\() Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0096 Tc 1.7904 Tw (Cth\) require the detention of) Tj -253.44 -13.8 TD 0.0068 Tc -0.0068 Tw (almost all unauthorised arrivals, regardless of their individual circumstances.) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.009 Tc 1.561 Tw (As such detention is 'lawful' under Australian domestic law, the courts have no) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.5459 Tw (power to order the release of these detainees, unless it can be shown that they are) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (not in fact unlawful non-citizens.) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.06 Tc -0.06 Tw (In ) Tj 15.48 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 2.7 Tw (A v Australia) Tj 68.76 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0102 Tc 2.7398 Tw ( \(560/93\), the HRC found a breach of article 9\(1\) in a case) Tj -84.24 -13.8 TD 0.0106 Tc 1.1534 Tw (concerning the prolonged detention of an unauthorised arrival who was detained) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0131 Tc 0.0269 Tw (in Australia for over four years whilst his asylum claim was being reviewed.) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 3 Tw (Section 256 of the) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 102.6 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 3.06 Tw (Migration Act 1958) Tj 100.8 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 3.12 Tw ( \() Tj 10.08 0 TD 0.0077 Tc 3.1123 Tw (Cth\) requires the provision of legal) Tj -213.48 -13.8 TD 0.0068 Tc 0.7225 Tw (assistance upon request. Section 193 requires all detainees to be notified of their) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.008 Tc 3.3151 Tw (right to make such a request with the exception of those who have arrived) Tj T* 0.0144 Tc -0.0024 Tw (unlawfully by boat or plane \(that is, without a valid visa\).) Tj -18 -14.76 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0125 Tc 2.4235 Tw (Departmental officers have adopted a policy of failing to inform unauthorised) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0114 Tc 0.6229 Tw (arrivals of their legal rights. Legal assistance is not given unless it is specifically) Tj T* -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0133 Tc (requested) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 57 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (1) Tj -75 -20.16 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0101 Tc -0.0101 Tw (Legal advisers, including HREOC itself, cannot initiate contact with detainees in) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0063 Tc -0.0063 Tw (separation detention) Tj -2.76 Tc 2.76 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0116 Tc -0.0116 Tw (to inform them of their legal rights.) Tj ET 84.48 698.16 0.48 0.48 re f 84.48 698.16 0.48 0.48 re f 84.96 698.16 425.64 0.48 re f 510.6 698.16 0.48 0.48 re f 510.6 698.16 0.48 0.48 re f 84.48 402 0.48 296.16 re f 84.48 401.52 0.48 0.48 re f 84.48 401.52 0.48 0.48 re f 84.96 401.52 425.64 0.48 re f 510.6 402 0.48 296.16 re f 510.6 401.52 0.48 0.48 re f 510.6 401.52 0.48 0.48 re f BT 90.12 376.68 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0107 Tc 0.0867 Tw (Relevance to the ICCPR) Tj 18 -28.32 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0044 Tc -0.0044 Tw (Article 2\(1\): Rights of aliens;) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0257 Tc 0.0043 Tw (Article 9\(1\): Liberty of person;) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0032 Tc -0.0032 Tw (Article 9\(4\): Judicial review of detention.) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0075 Tc -0.0075 Tw (Article 14: Right to legal assistance) Tj -36 -25.92 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0155 Tc 0.0515 Tw (The following section expands on this summary under the following headings:) Tj 18 -31.32 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0189 Tc -0.0189 Tw (Mandatory detention;) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0126 Tc -0.0126 Tw (Right to legal advice;) Tj -18 -14.76 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (Judicial review;) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F3 12 Tf (A v Australia ) Tj 66.36 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (\(560/93\);) Tj -84.36 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0092 Tc 0.1108 Tw (The government) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s response;) Tj -18 -14.64 TD /F4 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0135 Tc -0.0015 Tw (Relevance to ICCPR \(an analysis of relevant articles of the Convention\).) 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This view has) Tj T* 0.008 Tc -0.008 Tw (been confirmed in ) Tj 90.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0086 Tc -0.0086 Tw (Wu Yu Fang and 117 ) Tj 105 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Others v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic) Tj -195.36 -13.8 TD 1.32 Tw (Affairs and) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 59.4 0 TD (Anor) Tj 24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf (.) Tj 2.88 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (4) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0131 Tc 1.3909 Tw ( Departmental officers have adopted a policy of failing to inform) Tj -90.36 -13.8 TD 0.013 Tc 1.4013 Tw (unauthorised arrivals of their legal rights. Legal assistance is not given unless it is) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.03 Tc -0.03 Tw (specifically ) Tj -2.64 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0133 Tc (requested) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 115.32 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (5) Tj -115.32 -33.12 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.007 Tc 1.8476 Tw (Compliance with ICCPR articles 9\(4\) and 14\(1\) requires that detainees have ready) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0135 Tc 1.5096 Tw (access to independent legal advice and assistance. 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See Human Rights and Equal) Tj T* 0.0167 Tc 0.0733 Tw (Opportunity Commission, ) Tj 106.92 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.036 Tc 0.114 Tw (Those Who) Tj -3.3132 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0159 Tc 0.0141 Tw (ve Come Across the Seas: Detention of Unauthorised Arrivals) Tj -106.92 -11.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0301 Tc -0 Tw (\(1998\) [hereafter ) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0267 Tc 0.0033 Tw (Detention Report 1998) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0177 Tc 0.0123 Tw (], p.22.) Tj 0 -12.84 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0129 Tc 0.0171 Tw ( See also Australian Third Report to the HRC, CCPR/C/AUS/98/3, ) Tj 275.64 0 TD 0.0391 Tc -0.0091 Tw (paragraph 502.) Tj -278.88 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD 0.0385 Tc -0.0485 Tw (\(1996\) 135 ALR 583.) Tj -10.8 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw ( This departmental policy has been in place since 1994; see Detention Report, 1998, p. 208. See also) Tj -3.24 -11.52 TD 0.0061 Tc 0.0639 Tw (Australian Report to the HRC, CCPR/C/AUS/98/3, ) Tj 207.84 0 TD 0.0484 Tc -0.0184 Tw (paragraph 496.) Tj ET endstream endobj 25 0 obj 6297 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 24 0 R >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 28 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 39 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -409.32 720.12 TD 0.01 Tc 1.2085 Tw (All boat arrivals are detained in segregated conditions with no access to the outside) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.024 Tc 0.984 Tw (world until they either engage Australia) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0063 Tc 1.0737 Tw (s protection obligations or, not having done) Tj T* 0.0089 Tc -0.0089 Tw (so, are removed from Australia.) Tj 0 -27.6 TD 0 Tc 4.944 Tw (A HREOC report summarised the ) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0067 Tc (incommunicado-like) Tj -2.76 Tc 7.68 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0126 Tc 4.9674 Tw (aspects of separation) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0 Tc 0.72 Tw (detention in 1997 as ) Tj -1.44 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0.0086 Tc 0.7114 Tw (indeterminate segregation without explanation, being locked in) Tj T* 0.0083 Tc 0.8753 Tw (the accommodation block [inside the building] during the period of segregation with) Tj T* 0.0016 Tc 0.1084 Tw (little exercise [outside], restricted access to phones and no access to information about) Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.014 Tw (the outside world through newspapers and radio) Tj -1.44 Tc 0 Tw (\224) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 238.92 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (6) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.02 Tw ( Outside exercise is now permitted,) Tj -243 -13.8 TD 0 Tw (albeit at Port Hedland the ) Tj 125.52 0 TD 0.0277 Tc -0.0277 Tw (exercise are is very confined.) Tj -125.52 -27.6 TD 0.0152 Tc 1.0648 Tw (Therefore any denial of legal assistance and denial of the right to make a protection) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0036 Tc 1.3244 Tw (visa application can occur and not be the subject of a complaint to HREOC \(or the) Tj T* 0.0071 Tc 2.4039 Tw (Ombudsman\) because, in some cases, the detainee is held in separation detention) Tj T* 0.0095 Tc -0.0095 Tw (continuously until removal from Australia.) Tj 0 -27.6 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.9691 Tw (Once a detainee has requested legal advice, numerous concerns may be raised about) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0133 Tc 0.7324 Tw (their ability to properly access such advice. For example, the remoteness of the Port) Tj T* 0.0226 Tc 3.5088 Tw (Hedland facility severely hampers the Port Hedland detainees) Tj -2.76 Tc 6.36 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.032 Tc 3.568 Tw (ability to access) Tj T* 0.0253 Tc 0.6947 Tw (quality legal advice. ) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 105.72 0 TD (HREOC) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0.016 Tc 0.8107 Tw (s 1998 report details instances of delays of weeks and) Tj -105.72 -13.8 TD 0.0067 Tc 1.5441 Tw (months in the actual provision of legal assistance to detainees, as well as instances) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.015 Tc 2.7983 Tw (where legal assistance was simply not provided even upon request.) Tj 346.44 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0133 Tc 2.8667 Tw ( This delay) Tj -350.52 -13.8 TD 0.012 Tc 1.0337 Tw (breaches article 10\(1\). 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Tj 132.24 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj -132.24 -47.16 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0206 Tc 0.0566 Tw (Judicial review of detention) Tj 0 -27.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0.0101 Tw (In Australia, the Courts are precluded from authorising the release from detention of) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0034 Tc -0.0034 Tw (unlawful non-citizens detained under sections 189 and 196, unless their detention) Tj T* 0.0059 Tc -0.0059 Tw (under those sections contravenes domestic law.) Tj 227.28 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0039 Tc -0.0039 Tw ( Such detention will only contravene) Tj -235.44 -13.8 TD 0.0088 Tc -0.0088 Tw (domestic law where the person detained is not in fact an illegal alien. The Courts) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0141 Tc -0.0055 Tw (have no authority to order the release of illegal aliens on the grounds that their) Tj T* 0.0207 Tc -0.0074 Tw (detention is arbitrary or unreasonable or contrary to article 9\(1\).) Tj 0 -14.64 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 222.6 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 213 TD /F5 6.48 Tf -0.0288 Tc (6) Tj 3.6 -5.04 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0215 Tc 0.0257 Tw ( Detention Report 1998, page 137.) Tj -3.6 -12.84 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0177 Tc 0.0294 Tw ( Detention Report 1998, pp. 210-217.) Tj -3.24 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0151 Tc 0.0149 Tw (Torres v Finland) Tj 67.8 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0298 Tc 0 Tw ( \(291/88\) at paragraph 7.2.) Tj -78.6 -6.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 3.24 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0285 Tc -0.0049 Tw ( See para. 43 above on how legal assistance is a necessary prerequisite to exercise of rights under) Tj -3.24 -11.52 TD 0.038 Tc -0.008 Tw (article 9\(4\).) Tj 0 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0164 Tc 0.0136 Tw ( See Australian Third Report to the HRC, CCPR/C/AUS/98/3, paragraph 497, stating that an) Tj -6.48 -11.4 TD 0.0278 Tc 0.0022 Tw (interpreter ) Tj -2.2176 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0149 Tc 0.0243 Tw (must provide complete information to the detainee and set out his or her rights) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0017 Tc 0.0317 Tw (. This is) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0194 Tc 0.0239 Tw (misleading, as it does not apply to those in ) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0249 Tc 0.0051 Tw (separation detention) Tj -2.3376 Tc 2.3676 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0286 Tc 0.0014 Tw (at Port Hedland.) Tj 0 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0141 Tc 0.005 Tw ( This is the effect of the decision in ) Tj 148.44 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0156 Tc 0.0144 Tw (Chu ) Tj 19.2 0 TD 0.0197 Tc 0.0103 Tw (Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government) Tj -174.12 -11.52 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0204 Tw (and Ethnic Affairs) Tj 73.32 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.037 Tc -0.007 Tw ( \(1993\) 110 ALR 97.) Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj 6656 endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 27 0 R >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Length 31 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 39 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj -409.32 706.32 TD 0.0103 Tc 0.2297 Tw (This situation clearly contravenes article 9\(4\), as interpreted in ) Tj 306 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.36 Tw (A v Australia) Tj 64.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.015 Tc 0.405 Tw (. Indeed,) Tj -370.08 -13.8 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.1949 Tw (Australia has done nothing to redress this violation in ) Tj 261.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 7.32 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0222 Tc 0.2178 Tw (, contrary to article 2\(3\) of the) Tj -269.04 -13.8 TD 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (ICCPR.) Tj 0 -41.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0272 Tc 0.0632 Tw (A v Australia \(560/93\)) Tj 0 -27.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.06 Tc -0.06 Tw (In ) Tj 15.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 3.06 Tw (A v Australia) Tj 69.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0047 Tc 2.9953 Tw ( \(560/93\), the HRC dealt with a communication concerning the) Tj -85.2 -13.8 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.2301 Tw (prolonged detention of an unauthorised arrival who was detained in Australia for over) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0182 Tc 0.6298 Tw (four years whilst his asylum claim was being reviewed. The HRC found a breach of) Tj T* 0.0029 Tc 0.0271 Tw (article 9\(1\) in that case in the following terms.) Tj 36 -24.6 TD /F1 9.96 Tf 0.0354 Tc 0.0245 Tw (\266 9.2) Tj 20.52 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 4.3824 Tc -4.3524 Tw ( \205 ) Tj 0.009 Tc 0 Tw ([T) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0.0117 Tc 0.0483 Tw (]he Committee recalls that the notion of "arbitrariness" must not be equated with) Tj -44.88 -11.52 TD 0.0276 Tc 0.0024 Tw ("against the law" but be interpreted more broadly to include such elements as) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0294 Tc 0 Tw (inappropriateness and injustice. Furthermore, remand in custody could be considered arbitrary) Tj T* 0.0186 Tc 0.0325 Tw (if it is not necessary in all the circumstances of the case, for example to prevent flight or) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0211 Tc 0.0198 Tw (interference with evidence: the element of proportionality becomes relevant in this context.) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0264 Tc 0.0356 Tw (The State party however, seeks to justify the author's detention by the fact that he entered) Tj T* 0.0231 Tc 0.0241 Tw (Australia unlawfully and by the perceived incentive for the applicant to abscond if left in) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc 0 Tw (liberty.) Tj 0 -23.04 TD /F1 9.96 Tf 0.0354 Tc 0.0245 Tw (\266 9.4) Tj 20.52 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.014 Tc -0.014 Tw ( The Committee observes ) Tj 4.3824 Tc -4.3524 Tw (\205 ) Tj 0.0268 Tc 0.0032 Tw (that every decision to keep a person in detention should be) Tj -20.52 -11.4 TD 0.0301 Tc 0.0079 Tw (open to review periodically so that the grounds justifying the detention can be assessed. In any) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0192 Tc 0.0293 Tw (event, detention should not continue beyond the period for which the State can provide) Tj T* 0.0276 Tc 0.0116 Tw (appropriate justification. For example, the fact of illegal entry may indicate a need for) Tj T* 0.0202 Tc 0.0283 Tw (investigation and there may be other factors particular to the individuals, such as the) Tj T* 0.0242 Tc 0.0428 Tw (likelihood of absconding and lack of cooperation, which may justify detention for a period.) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0314 Tc 0.0158 Tw (Without such factors detention may be considered arbitrary, even if entry was illegal. In the) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0261 Tc 0.0296 Tw (instant case, the State party has not advanced any grounds particular to the author's case,) Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.0504 Tw (which would justify his continued detention for a period of four years, during which he was) Tj T* 0.0223 Tc 0.0077 Tw (shifted around between different detention centres. The Committee therefore concludes that) Tj T* 0.0237 Tc 0.0463 Tw (the author's detention for a period of over four years was arbitrary within the meaning of) Tj T* 0.0379 Tc -0.0079 Tw (article 9, paragraph 1.) Tj -36 -25.92 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (The ) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0111 Tc -0.0111 Tw (HRC's decision confirms that the prolonged detention of unlawful aliens may) Tj -21.6 -13.8 TD 0.0053 Tc -0.0053 Tw (occur. However, such detention must involve an individual consideration of the) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0133 Tc -0.0133 Tw (necessity to detain that alien.) Tj 0 -41.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0018 Tc 0.0378 Tw (The government) Tj -2.904 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0067 Tc 0.0427 Tw (s response) Tj 0 -27.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 3 Tw (Despite the) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 63.24 0 TD /F3 12 Tf (A) Tj 7.32 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0091 Tc 3.1 Tw ( decision, Australian law has not been amended to ensure that an) Tj -70.56 -13.8 TD 0.0162 Tc 0.8792 Tw (individual consideration of the necessity to detain an alien takes place in every case.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0035 Tc 5.9431 Tw (Without such individual consideration, the blanket detention of virtually all) Tj T* 0.0162 Tc 0.0105 Tw (unauthorised entrants is disproportionate and 'arbitrary' contrary to article 9\(1\).) Tj 0 -27.6 TD 0.06 Tc -0.06 Tw (In ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.18 Tw (A v Australia) Tj 63.72 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0102 Tc 0.2432 Tw ( \(560/93\), the government argued that the Australian regime complied) Tj -76.68 -13.8 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.2399 Tw (with article 9\(4\), as aliens in A's situation were permitted to challenge the 'lawfulness') Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0053 Tc 1.5067 Tw (of their detention under domestic law. The fact that A) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0104 Tc 1.5796 Tw (s challenge had no feasible) Tj T* 0.0117 Tc 0.4683 Tw (hope of success, as his detention was self-evidently lawful, was irrelevant. The HRC) Tj T* 0.01 Tc 1.8118 Tw (disagreed, and took a broader, more purposive approach to interpretation of article) Tj T* 0.0109 Tc -0.0109 Tw (9\(4\). At paragraph 9.5, the HRC stated:) Tj ET endstream endobj 31 0 obj 5728 endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 30 0 R >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Length 34 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 39 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -373.32 721.92 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.018 Tc 0.012 Tw (The Committee observes that the author could, in principle, have applied to the court for) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.0376 Tw (review of the grounds of his detention before the enactment of the Migration Amendment Act) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0218 Tc 0.0224 Tw (of 5 May 1992; after that date, the domestic courts retained that power with a view to ordering) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0233 Tc 0.0217 Tw (the release of a person if they found the detention to be unlawful under Australian law. In) Tj T* 0.0217 Tc 0.0163 Tw (effect, however, the courts' control and power to order the release of an individual was limited) Tj T* 0.0153 Tc 0.049 Tw (to an assessment of whether this individual was a "designated person" within the meaning of) Tj T* 0.0174 Tc 0.0555 Tw (the Migration Amendment Act. If the criteria for such determination were met, the courts had) Tj T* 0.0211 Tc 0.0089 Tw (no power to review the continued detention of an individual and to order his/her release. In the) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0223 Tc 0.0169 Tw (Committee's opinion, court review of the lawfulness of detention under article 9, paragraph 4,) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0158 Tc 0.0399 Tw (which must include the possibility of ordering release, is not limited to mere compliance of) Tj T* 0.0168 Tc 0.0569 Tw (the detention with domestic law. While domestic legal systems may institute differing) Tj T* 0.0173 Tc 0.0227 Tw (methods for ensuring court review of administrative detention, what is decisive for the) Tj T* 0.0205 Tc 0.0236 Tw (purposes of article 9, paragraph 4, is that such review is, in its effects, real and not merely) Tj T* 0.0214 Tc 0.0161 Tw (formal. By stipulating that the court must have the power to order release "if the detention is) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0256 Tc 0.0044 Tw (not lawful', article 9, paragraph 4, requires that the court be empowered to order release, if the) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0177 Tc 0.0216 Tw (detention is incompatible with the requirements in article 9, paragraph 1, or in other) Tj T* 0.0055 Tc 0.0545 Tw (provisions of the Covenant. ) Tj 4.3824 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj -36 -27.12 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0104 Tc 1.6234 Tw (It must be noted that the length of detention in Immigration Detention Centres has) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0253 Tc 1.0547 Tw (been greatly reduced.) Tj 104.88 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0168 Tc 0.9532 Tw ( However, this is largely due to the adoption by Australia of) Tj -113.04 -13.8 TD 0.025 Tc 0.965 Tw (measures which effectively reduce the rights of asylum seekers to seek legal advice,) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0166 Tc 0.0314 Tw (which itself may breach the ICCPR.) Tj 0 -27.6 TD 0.0171 Tc 0.5829 Tw (Furthermore, we draw the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 129.96 0 TD (HRC) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0.0179 Tc 0.6621 Tw (s attention to Parliamentary statements regarding the) Tj -129.96 -13.8 TD 0.0088 Tc 5.3912 Tw (reasons for the detention of unlawful arrivals.) Tj 251.4 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 5.4 Tw ( Two former Ministers for) Tj -259.56 -13.8 TD 0.0126 Tc 6.1554 Tw (Immigration have admitted that the detention policy is designed to ) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.024 Tc (deter) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.5523 Tw (unauthorised arrival. Deterrence in this context is an ) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.04 Tc (arbitrary) Tj -2.64 Tc 3.24 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0126 Tc 0.5874 Tw (reason for detention,) Tj T* 0.0129 Tc -0.0129 Tw (as it gives rise to disproportionate and unnecessary detentions.) Tj 0 -41.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0142 Tc 0.0502 Tw (Relevance to ICCPR \(an analysis of relevant articles of the Convention\)) Tj 0 -27.6 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.0414 Tw (Article 2\(1\): ICCPR rights of Aliens) Tj 0 -27.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0097 Tc 0.4887 Tw (Under article 2\(1\), States parties are obliged to guarantee ICCPR rights to all persons) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0031 Tc 0.7889 Tw (within their jurisdiction, without discrimination. Therefore, even unlawful aliens are) Tj T* 0.0103 Tc 2.242 Tw (entitled to protection of their ICCPR rights. Certainly, some rights are denied to) Tj T* 0.0064 Tc 1.7836 Tw (unlawful aliens, such as article 25 political rights \(confined to citizens\), and rights) Tj T* 0.0109 Tc 0.3571 Tw (under articles 12 and 13. However, in General Comment 15 at paragraph 7, the HRC) Tj T* 0.0055 Tc 3.8564 Tw (confirms that unlawful aliens are entitled to enjoyment of most ICCPR rights,) Tj T* 0.0031 Tc 0.0119 Tw (including those under articles 7, 9, 10 and 24.) Tj 0 -136.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.56 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.6 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (12) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.013 Tc 0.017 Tw ( See Australian Third Report to the HRC, CCPR/C/AUS/98/3, ) Tj 257.04 0 TD 0.0378 Tc -0.0078 Tw (paragraph 498-500.) Tj -263.52 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0152 Tc 0.0298 Tw ( See Detention Report 1998, pp. 45-46.) Tj ET endstream endobj 34 0 obj 5186 endobj 32 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 33 0 R >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 37 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 39 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj -409.32 719.88 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0144 Tc 0.0744 Tw (Article 9\(1\): Liberty of the Person) Tj 0 -27.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0113 Tc 3.0573 Tw (Article 9\(1\) of the ICCPR states that 'no one shall be subjected to arbitrary ) Tj 5.28 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0 Tc (detention.) Tj -2.76 Tc 2.76 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0072 Tc 0.0801 Tw (This right extends to all deprivations of liberty, 'whether in criminal cases,) Tj T* 0.006 Tc -0.006 Tw (or in other cases such as ) Tj 5.28 Tc -5.28 Tw (\205 ) Tj 0.0063 Tc -0.0063 Tw (immigration control.) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 237.6 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (14) Tj -237.6 -33.12 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.06 Tw (In ) Tj 14.16 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Van ) Tj 23.64 0 TD 0.0067 Tc 1.4333 Tw (Alphen v Netherlands) Tj 106.92 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0157 Tc 1.4393 Tw ( \(305/88\), the HRC described the concept of 'arbitrary) Tj -144.72 -13.8 TD 0.0133 Tc -0.0133 Tw (detention' in the following manner at paragraph 5.8:) Tj 36 -25.8 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0255 Tc 0.0205 Tw (The drafting history of article 9, paragraph 1, confirms that 'arbitrariness' is not to be equated) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0192 Tc 0.0292 Tw (with against the law, but must be interpreted more broadly to include elements of) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0247 Tc 0.0053 Tw (inappropriateness, injustice and lack of predictability. This means that remand in custody) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.0279 Tw (pursuant to a lawful arrest must not only be lawful but reasonable in all the circumstances.) Tj T* 0.0239 Tc 0.0233 Tw (Further, remand in custody must be necessary in all the circumstances, for example, to prevent) Tj T* 0.0258 Tc 0.0175 Tw (flight, interference with evidence, or the recurrence of crime. \() Tj 249.84 0 TD 0.0369 Tc -0.0069 Tw (emphasis added\)) Tj -285.84 -27.12 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0051 Tc 0.2349 Tw (The Committee has expressed concern over the extended detention of immigrants in a) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0 Tc 0.98 Tw (number of Concluding Comments. For example, in their 1998 Comments on Japan,) Tj T* 0.0165 Tc 1.2902 Tw (the HRC expressed concern that asylum-seekers were held for ) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0075 Tc 1.3125 Tw (periods of up to six) Tj T* 0.0126 Tc 2.3207 Tw (months and, in some cases, even up to two years) Tj -2.76 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 260.88 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (15) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.005 Tc 2.365 Tw ( Regarding Switzerland, the) Tj -269.04 -13.8 TD 0.0102 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Committee seemed to adopt an even stricter approach, at paragraph 15:) Tj 341.52 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj -305.52 -31.32 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0114 Tc 0.0286 Tw (The Committee notes with concern that [Swiss law] permits the administrative detention of) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0275 Tc 0.0145 Tw (foreign nationals without a temporary or permanent residence permit, including asylum-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0158 Tc 0.0353 Tw (seekers and minors over the age of 15, for three months while the decision on the right of) Tj T* 0.0275 Tc 0.0185 Tw (temporary residence is being prepared, and for a further six months, and even one year with) Tj T* 0.0191 Tc 0.0201 Tw (the agreement of the judicial authority, pending expulsion. The Committee notes that these) Tj T* 0.0273 Tc 0.0211 Tw (time-limits are considerably in excess of what is necessary, particularly in the case of) Tj T* 0.0136 Tc 0.0164 Tw (detention pending ) Tj 74.28 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.026 Tw (expulsion ) Tj 4.3824 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj -110.28 -27.12 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0.6479 Tw (These Concluding Comments indicate that the extended detention of illegal aliens by) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.013 Tc 0.007 Tw (Australia is likely to breach article 9\(1\).) Tj 0 -41.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0161 Tc 0.0521 Tw (Article 9\(4\): Right to Judicial Review of Detention) Tj 0 -27.24 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0071 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Article 9\(4\) of the ICCPR provides that:) Tj 36 -25.8 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0271 Tc 0.0109 Tw (Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0267 Tc 0.0193 Tw (proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness) Tj T* 0.0131 Tc 0.0269 Tw (of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful.) Tj -36 -25.92 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0132 Tc 1.1499 Tw (This requires that all detainees have an opportunity to challenge their detention in a) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0169 Tc 4.1331 Tw (court of law. The HRC has clearly linked access to legal representation with) Tj T* 0.02 Tc 1.6225 Tw (enjoyment of the right in article 9\(4\). In practice, it is very difficult for people to) Tj 0 -16.44 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 176.04 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 166.08 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (14) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0297 Tc 0 Tw ( General Comment 8, paragraph 1.) Tj -6.48 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD 0.0202 Tc 0 Tw (\(1998\) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 102, paragraph 19; see also Concluding Comments on the UK) Tj -14.04 -11.52 TD 0.0243 Tc -0.0043 Tw (\(Hong Kong\) \(1995\) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.57, paragraph 17; Concluding Comments on the UK,) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0197 Tc 0.0203 Tw (\(1995\) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.55, paragraph 16; Concluding Comments on the USA, \(1995\) UN) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.0195 Tw (doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. ) Tj 92.28 0 TD 0.03 Tc -0.0218 Tw (50, paragraphs 18 and 33; Concluding Comments on Sweden \(1995\) UN doc.) Tj -92.28 -11.52 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0383 Tw (CCPR/C/79/Add. 58, paragraph 15.) Tj 0 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD 0.0187 Tc -0.0187 Tw (\(1996\) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 70.) Tj ET endstream endobj 37 0 obj 5920 endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources <> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 36 0 R >> endobj 40 0 obj << /Length 41 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 39 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj -409.32 720.12 TD 0.0115 Tc 0.9827 Tw (challenge their detention without legal representation. In) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 285.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0092 Tc 1.1308 Tw (Berry v Jamaica) Tj 81.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0133 Tc 1.0667 Tw ( \(330/88\),) Tj -366.84 -13.8 TD 0.0086 Tc -0.0086 Tw (the HRC stated at paragraph 11.1:) Tj 36 -25.8 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0257 Tc 0.0185 Tw (In respect of the allegations pertaining to article 9, paragraphs 3 and 4, the State party has not) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0196 Tc 0.0329 Tw (contested that the author was detained for two and a half months before he was brought before) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0232 Tc -0.0012 Tw (a judge or judicial officer authorized to decide on the lawfulness of his detention. Instead, the) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0198 Tc 0.0102 Tw (State party has confined itself to the contention that, during his detention, the author could) Tj T* 0.0114 Tc 0.0586 Tw (have applied to the courts for a writ of habeas corpus. The Committee notes, however, the) Tj T* 0.0207 Tc 0.0186 Tw (author's claim, which remains unchallenged, that throughout this period he had no access to) Tj T* 0.0216 Tc 0.017 Tw (legal representation. The Committee considers that a delay of over two months violates the) Tj T* 0.029 Tc 0.001 Tw (requirement, in article 9, paragraph 3, that anyone arrested on a criminal charge shall be) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.012 Tc 0.138 Tw (brought ) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0582 Tc (promptly) Tj -2.3376 Tc 2.3676 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0281 Tc 0.0019 Tw (before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0245 Tc 0.0147 Tw (power. In the circumstances, the Committee concludes that the author's right under article 9,) Tj T* 0.0137 Tc 0.0643 Tw (paragraph 4, was also violated, since he was not, in due time, afforded the opportunity to) Tj T* 0.0187 Tc 0.0113 Tw (obtain, on his own initiative, a decision by a court on the lawfulness of his detention.) Tj -36 -27.12 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.007 Tc 3.077 Tw (The incommunicado-like aspects of the detention of separation detainees at Port) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0072 Tc 2.5368 Tw (Hedland, Woomera and Curtin renders it effectively impossible to pursue ICCPR) Tj T* 0.0097 Tc 0.7103 Tw (legal rights, such as the right to challenge detention under article 9\(4\). For example,) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (in ) Tj 13.2 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0071 Tc 0.8329 Tw (Hammel v Madagascar) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 118.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0144 Tc 0.9056 Tw (\(155/83\), incommunicado detention for three days, during) Tj -131.28 -13.8 TD 0.0056 Tc 3.3458 Tw (which time it was impossible for the author to access a court to challenge his) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.0135 Tw (detention, was held to breach article 9\(4\).) Tj 0 -41.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0248 Tc 0.0607 Tw (Article 14: Right to legal assistance) Tj 0 -27.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0057 Tc 3.741 Tw (The HRC has confirmed on numerous occasions that incommunicado detention) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0124 Tc 0.1076 Tw (breaches article 14\(3\)\(b\) as it renders access to legal assistance impossible.) Tj 361.44 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (17) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.02 Tc 0.14 Tw ( One can) Tj -369.6 -13.8 TD 0.0122 Tc 3.4678 Tw (extrapolate that a similar rule could apply regarding access to civil rather than) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0.0036 Tc -0.0036 Tw (criminal justice under article 14\(1\).) Tj 0 -27.6 TD 0.0133 Tc 1.8605 Tw (De facto inability to access courts also breaches article 14\(1\), if a detainee should) Tj 0 -13.8 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (wish to pursue a ) Tj -2.76 Tc (\221) Tj 0 Tc (suit at law) Tj -2.76 Tc (\222) Tj 0.0069 Tc 0.0411 Tw (, including a habeas corpus application.) Tj 328.32 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj -328.32 -240.6 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.56 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.6 TD /F0 6.48 Tf (17) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0307 Tc -0 Tw ( See, eg, ) Tj 41.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0161 Tc 0.0139 Tw (Drescher ) Tj 39.6 0 TD 0.0267 Tc 0.0033 Tw (Caldas v Uruguay) Tj 73.44 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0039 Tw ( \(43/79\)) Tj -160.92 -12.96 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj 6.48 -4.56 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0192 Tc 0.0108 Tw ( See ) Tj 24.48 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0246 Tc 0.0054 Tw (Bahamonde v Equatorial Guinea) Tj 132.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0312 Tc -0.0412 Tw ( \(468/91\), paragraph 9.4.) 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