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Tj 10.56 0 TD /F2 14.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 25.44 0 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.0278 Tc 0.0399 Tw (Native Title) Tj -36 -25.8 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0243 Tc -0.0057 Tw (This material relates to ) Tj 105.84 0 TD -0.024 Tc 0.024 Tw (question 7) Tj 45.6 0 TD 0.0041 Tc -0.0841 Tw ( of the ) Tj 30.24 0 TD -0.0302 Tc 0.0035 Tw (List of issues to be taken up in connection with) Tj ET 213.84 729.48 45.48 0.48 re f 289.68 729.48 205.44 0.48 re f BT 108 718.56 TD -0.0261 Tc -0.0139 Tw (the consideration of the third and fourth reports of Australia) Tj ET 108 716.88 266.76 0.48 re f BT 106.8 676.08 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0064 Tc 0.0396 Tw (Summary of issue) Tj 0 -28.8 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 23.28 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.7535 Tw (Native title is the legal recognition given to the traditional laws acknowledged by and) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0075 Tc -0.0475 Tw (the traditional customs observed by Indigenous people.) Tj -28.32 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 23.28 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0091 Tc 4.5073 Tw (In addition to recognising Indigenous rights, the High Court of Australia has) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.0224 Tw (recognised the power of the State to extinguish native title.) Tj -28.32 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 23.28 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0017 Tc 2.316 Tw (Articles 1 and 27 of ICCPR require the State to protect the culture of Indigenous) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc -0.056 Tw (people. The extinguishment or impairment of native title is a breach of these articles.) Tj -28.32 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 23.28 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc 0.3306 Tw (Articles 2 and 26 of ICCPR require the State to protect Indigenous rights to land to the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0032 Tc 1.1768 Tw (same extent that non-Indigenous interests in land are protected. The priority given to) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0061 Tc 0.8801 Tw (non-Indigenous interests in land over Indigenous interests in land is a breach of these) Tj T* 0.0139 Tc 0 Tw (articles.) Tj -28.32 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 23.28 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0082 Tc 0.2082 Tw (The common law is developing a construction of native ) Tj 249.96 0 TD -0.0108 Tc 0.3408 Tw (title which makes it vulnerable) Tj -249.96 -12.72 TD -0.0043 Tc 2.0943 Tw (to permanent extinguishment. This construction is referred to as a bundle of rights) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0024 Tc -0.0424 Tw (approach to native title.) Tj -28.32 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 23.28 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0008 Tc 0.0992 Tw (The amended Native Title Act prefers non-Indigenous title to land over Indigenous title) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0021 Tc -0.0021 Tw (to land in the following ways;) Tj 0 -24.72 TD 0.0608 Tc 0 Tw (\(i\)) Tj 10.56 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 25.44 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0023 Tc 2.2073 Tw (The validation provisions prefer the interests of non-Indigenous titleholders) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0 Tc 0.2004 Tw (whose rights were invalidly obtained between 1975 and 1996 ) Tj 275.04 0 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.3633 Tw (over the interests) Tj -275.04 -12.6 TD -0.002 Tc 1.0153 Tw (of Indigenous titleholders. Native title is either extinguished or unenforceable) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0014 Tc -0.0494 Tw (as a result of these provisions.) Tj -36 -24.6 TD 0.0528 Tc 0 Tw (\(ii\)) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 22.32 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc 5.6405 Tw (The confirmation provisions prefer non-Indigenous interests which are) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0174 Tc -0.004 Tw (specified in the Act or referred to generically as ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0163 Tc 0.1363 Tw (exclusive possession acts) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.5824 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0192 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -2.4624 Tc (\221) Tj -0.011 Tc 2.591 Tw (non-exclusive possession acts) Tj -2.4624 Tc 5.1024 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0013 Tc 2.6173 Tw (over Indigenous titleholders. Native title is) Tj T* -0.0038 Tc -0.0229 Tw (either extinguished or unenforceable as a result of these provisions.) Tj -36 -24.72 TD 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (\(iii\)) Tj 16.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 19.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.005 Tc 3.685 Tw (The future act provisions) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 127.92 0 TD -0.005 Tc 3.695 Tw (prioritise specified activities of non-Indigenous) Tj -127.92 -12.6 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.5616 Tw (titleholders and government over Indigenous control of native title land. For) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0 Tc 1.136 Tw (example, pastoralists have a right to carry out a range of activities outside of) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0026 Tc 2.3117 Tw (their lease, including agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, without consultation) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0054 Tc 2.5254 Tw (with Indigenous titleholders. Native title) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 193.56 0 TD 0.0087 Tc 2.5113 Tw (unenforceable as a result of any) Tj -193.56 -12.6 TD -0.0052 Tc -0.0348 Tw (inconsistence with these activities.) Tj -36 -24.6 TD 0.0156 Tc 0 Tw (\(iv\)) Tj 15.96 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 20.04 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.004 Tc 1.888 Tw (The right to negotiate, where mining or compulsory acquisition is proposed) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.2526 Tw (over native title land has been, in some instances removed, or reduced in scope) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.002 Tc 0.3303 Tw (as a result of the amendments. For instance, the right to negotiate where native) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc 0.646 Tw (title co-exists on pastoral leasehold land has been reduced to a right to ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0104 Tc (object) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0043 Tc 0.0043 Tw (and consult) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj -64.32 -25.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.008 Tc 2.9702 Tw (In each of these instances, where an inconsistency or potential inconsistency exists) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.003 Tc 3.097 Tw (between the full enjoyment of Indigenous interests and the full enjoyment of non-) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.859 Tw (Indigenous interests, Indigenous interests are either extinguished or impaired in order to) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0009 Tw (ensure the full enjoyment of non-Indigenous interests in land.) 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Tj -36 -25.08 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0141 Tc 0.0205 Tw (Requirement to recognise and protect Native Title under the ICCPR) Tj 0 -27.96 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.1) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0.0106 Tw (The recognition and protection of native title rights, which vest only in Indigenous) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw (Australians, is an essential component of Australia) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0031 Tc -0.0169 Tw (s compliance with the ICCPR. Their) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0046 Tc -0.0064 Tw (recognition constitutes the recognition of inherent rights which have been ignored without) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0024 Tc -0.0424 Tw (Indigenous consent since European settlement in 1788. Indeed, the Committee on the) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.0092 Tw (Elimination of Racial Discrimination \(hereinafter CERD\) has noted in their General) Tj T* 0.0048 Tc -0.0648 Tw (Recommendation 23 at paragraph 3:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.4346 Tw (The Committee is conscious of the fact that in many regions of the world indigenous) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.3357 Tw (peoples have been, and are still being, discriminated against, deprived of their human) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.9865 Tw (rights and fundamental freedoms and in particular that they have lost their land and) Tj T* -0.0028 Tc 0.1495 Tw (resources to colonists, commercial companies and State enterprises. Consequently the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0012 Tc 3.8288 Tw (preservation of their culture and their historical identity has been and still is) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.002 Tc 0 Tw (jeopardised.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.2) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0.0201 Tw (The historical oppression of Indigenous peoples was also noted by the Human Rights) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.0259 Tw (Committee \(hereinafter HRC\) in ) Tj 146.16 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0055 Tc -0.0745 Tw (Ominayak and the ) Tj 83.4 0 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0195 Tw (Lubicon Lake Band v Canada) Tj -229.56 -12.72 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0011 Tc -0.0309 Tw (\(167/87\), and was relevant to its finding of a violation in that case at paragraph 10.3:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 4.1234 Tw (Historical iniquities, to which the State party refers, and certain more recent) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.6415 Tw (developments [expropriation of territory and energy exploration] threaten the way of) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 0.6018 Tw (life and culture of the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 100.56 0 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.6592 Tw (Lubicon Lake Band, and constitute a violation of article 27 so) Tj -100.56 -12.72 TD 0.0116 Tc -0.0116 Tw (long as they continue. ) Tj 4.8576 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.3) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0011 Tc -0.0489 Tw (CERD has recognised the historic dispossession, and the need for Australia to provide) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0062 Tc -0.0178 Tw (redress for such dispossession, of Australia) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0026 Tc -0.0174 Tw (s Indigenous people in its Decision\(2\)54 on) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0029 Tc -0.0269 Tw (Australia, at paragraphs 3 and 4:) Tj 18 -25.2 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.5253 Tw (3. The Committee recognises that, within the broad range of discriminatory practices) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.6202 Tw (that have long been directed against Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.5432 Tw (peoples, the effects of Australia's racially discriminatory land practices have endured) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0549 Tw (as an acute impairment of the rights of Australia's indigenous communities. ) Tj 4.8576 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj 0 -25.2 TD 0.0029 Tc 1.3971 Tw (4. The Committee recognises further that the land rights of indigenous peoples are) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0073 Tc 2.8753 Tw (unique and encompass a traditional and cultural identification of the indigenous) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0107 Tc -0.0557 Tw (peoples with their land that has been generally recognised.) 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The HRC has confirmed that indigenous peoples are minorities for the purposes) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0241 Tw (of article 27 in a number of cases, such as in ) Tj 198.12 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0264 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Kitok v Sweden ) Tj 70.56 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0197 Tc 0.0197 Tw (\(197/85\), ) Tj 43.32 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0113 Tc 0 Tw (Ominayak) Tj 45.24 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 2.76 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0072 Tc (v) Tj -360 -12.72 TD 0 Tc (Canada) Tj 34.92 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0016 Tc -0.0284 Tw ( \(167/87\), and the ) Tj 81 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0155 Tc 0 Tw (L\344nsman) Tj 40.32 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0356 Tw ( cases \(511/92 and 671/95\). The special place of land) Tj -156.24 -12.6 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.0027 Tw (rights within Indigenous cultures has been recognised by the HRC in General Comment) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0076 Tc -0.0316 Tw (23 at paragraphs 3.2 and 7:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 3.1564 Tw (The enjoyment of the rights to which article 27 relates does not prejudice the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.8751 Tw (sovereignty and territorial integrity of a State party. At the same time, one or other) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0019 Tc 0.0339 Tw (aspect of the rights of individuals protected under that article - for example, to enjoy a) Tj T* 0.0152 Tc 2.0248 Tw (particular culture - may consist in a way of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD -0.0039 Tc 2.1639 Tw (life which is closely associated with) Tj -210.24 -12.72 TD 0.0149 Tc 2.1131 Tw (territory and use of its resources. This may particularly be true of members of) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.0245 Tw (indigenous communities constituting a minority.) Tj 0 -25.32 TD -0.0018 Tc 2.568 Tw (With regard to the exercise of the cultural rights protected under article 27, the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0049 Tc 0.0485 Tw (Committee observes that culture manifests itself in many forms, including a particular) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0113 Tc 2.7744 Tw (way of life associated with the use of land resources, especially in the case of) Tj T* -0 Tc 1.27 Tw (indigenous peoples. That right may include such traditional activities as fishing or) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.003 Tc -0.0139 Tw (hunting and the right to live in reserves protected by law. ) Tj 4.8576 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.5) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0031 Tc -0.0369 Tw (In Concluding Comments on Sweden, the HRC stated, with regard to that State) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0144 Tc (s) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0092 Tc -0.0692 Tw (protection of its Indigenous ) Tj 124.08 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.0109 Tw (Sami people:) Tj 57.72 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj -163.8 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0024 Tc -0.0351 Tw (18. The Committee notes that legislative provisions adopted recently by the ) Tj 335.52 0 TD -0.0144 Tc 0 Tw (Riksdag) Tj -335.52 -12.6 TD 4.8576 Tc -4.8576 Tw (\205 ) Tj 0.009 Tc -0.0604 Tw (providing for the right for everyone to fish and hunt on public lands may have) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.002 Tc -0.0198 Tw (adverse consequences on the traditional rights of the members of the ) Tj 304.68 0 TD -0.0135 Tc 0.0135 Tw (Sami people. ) Tj 4.8576 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj -304.68 -25.2 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.0359 Tw (26. The Committee recommends that the recognised customary rights of the ) Tj 337.44 0 TD -0.0456 Tc 0 Tw (Sami) Tj -337.44 -12.72 TD 0.0076 Tc -0.0576 Tw (people be fully protected in the light of article 27 of the Covenant.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.6) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0.0112 Tw (This comment clearly acknowledges that article 27 requires the recognition and protection) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc -0.0224 Tw (by States of the unique land interests of Indigenous peoples. General Recommendation) Tj T* 0.0039 Tc -0.0148 Tw (23, issued by CERD, also addresses the minority rights of Indigenous peoples.) Tj 18 -25.32 TD -0.0145 Tc -0.0095 Tw (4. The [CERD] Committee calls in particular upon States parties to:) Tj 0 -25.32 TD 0.072 Tc -0.072 Tw (\(a\) ) Tj 15 0 TD 0.0112 Tc -0.044 Tw (recognise and respect indigenous distinct culture, history, language and way of life) Tj -15 -12.6 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0245 Tw (as an enrichment of the State's cultural identity and to promote its preservation; ) Tj 4.8576 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj 0 -25.32 TD 0.072 Tc -0.072 Tw (\(c\) ) Tj 15.12 0 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.0476 Tw (provide indigenous peoples with conditions allowing for a sustainable economic) Tj -15.12 -12.72 TD -0.006 Tc -0.0111 Tw (and social development compatible with their cultural characteristics.) Tj 0 -25.32 TD 0.072 Tc -0.072 Tw (\(e\) ) Tj 15 0 TD -0.0033 Tc -0.0207 Tw (ensure that indigenous communities can exercise their rights to practice and) Tj -15 -12.6 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.0296 Tw (revitalise their cultural traditions and customs, to preserve and to practice their) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0211 Tc 0 Tw (languages.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.7) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0095 Tc -0.0859 Tw (Paragraph 5 of this General Recommendation is particularly pertinent to land rights:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD 0.0033 Tc -0.0533 Tw (The Committee especially calls upon States parties to recognise and protect the rights) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0084 Tc -0.0025 Tw (of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control and use their communal lands,) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0086 Tc -0.0486 Tw (territories and resources and, where they have been deprived of their lands and) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0014 Tc -0.0451 Tw (territories traditionally owned or otherwise inhabited or used without their free and) Tj -36 -20.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 97.32 144 0.6 re f BT 90 86.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (1) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.016 Tc 0.014 Tw ( Concluding Comments on Sweden, \(1995\) U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.58.) Tj ET endstream endobj 26 0 obj 6437 endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 29 0 R >> stream BT 499.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj -373.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0021 Tc -0.0501 Tw (informed consent, to take steps to return these lands and territories. Only when this is) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0018 Tc -0.0132 Tw (for factual reasons not possible, the right to ) Tj 193.56 0 TD -0.0082 Tc -0.0158 Tw (restitution should be substituted by the) Tj -193.56 -12.6 TD -0.0021 Tc -0.0479 Tw (right to just, fair and prompt compensation. Such compensation should as far as) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0511 Tw (possible take the form of lands and territories.) Tj -36 -25.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.8) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0074 Tc -0.0394 Tw (Finally, the protection of native title is necessary in order for Australia to comply with the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.003 Tc -0.0246 Tw (ICCPR guarantee of self-determination to peoples in article 1. The CERD has confirmed,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0081 Tc -0.0019 Tw (in its General Recommendation 21, that the right to self-determination has a significant) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.009 Tc (internal) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0 Tc 0 Tw (aspect. At paragraph 5:) Tj 18 -25.2 TD 0.0075 Tc -0.0315 Tw (In order to respect fully the rights of all peoples within a state, governments are again) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0445 Tw (called upon to adhere to and implement fully the international human rights) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.0386 Tw (instruments and in particular the International Convention on the Elimination of All) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.0311 Tw (Forms of Racial Discrimination. Concern for the protection of individual rights) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.0401 Tw (without discrimination on racial, ethnic, tribal, religious, or other grounds must guide) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0052 Tc -0.027 Tw (the policies of governments. In accordance with article 2 of the International) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.016 Tc 0.016 Tw (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and other) Tj T* -0.0064 Tc -0.0203 Tw (relevant international documents, governments should be sensitive towards the rights) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0031 Tc -0.0117 Tw (of persons of ethnic groups, particularly their right to lead lives of dignity, to preserve) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0024 Tc -0.0184 Tw (their culture, to share equitably in the fruits of national growth, and to play their part) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.002 Tc -0.008 Tw (in the government of the country of which its members are citizens. Also,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0088 Tc -0.0083 Tw (governments should consider, within their respective constitutional frameworks,) Tj T* -0.0014 Tc -0.0313 Tw (vesting persons of ethnic or linguistic groups comprised of their citizens, where) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0019 Tc -0.0119 Tw (appropriate, with the right to engage in such activities which are particularly relevant) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0048 Tc -0.0408 Tw (to the preservation of the identity of such persons or groups.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.9) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0025 Tc -0.016 Tw (The HRC itself has stated recently, in Concluding Comments on Canada, at paragraph 8:) Tj 390.84 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.06 Tw ( ) Tj 1.68 0 TD 0 Tw (2) Tj -374.52 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw (The Committee notes that, as the State party acknowledged, the situation of the) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc -0.0366 Tw (aboriginal peoples remains "the most pressing human rights issue facing Canadians".) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0061 Tc -0.0361 Tw (In this connection, the Committee is particularly concerned that the State party has) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0027 Tc -0.0213 Tw (not yet implemented the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal) Tj T* -0.0016 Tc -0.0284 Tw (Peoples \(RCAP\). With reference to the conclusion by RCAP that without a greater) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0431 Tw (share of lands and resources institutions of aboriginal self-government will fail, the) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0087 Tc -0.0022 Tw (Committee emphasises that the right to self-determination requires, inter alia, that all) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0175 Tw (peoples must be able to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources and that) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0108 Tc -0.0428 Tw (they may not be deprived of their own means of subsistence \(art. 1, para. 2\). The) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.0543 Tw (Committee recommends that decisive and urgent action be taken towards the full) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.0438 Tw (implementation of the RCAP recommendations on land and resource allocation. The) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0019 Tc -0.0514 Tw (Committee also recommends that the practice of extinguishing inherent aboriginal) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0045 Tc -0.0195 Tw (rights be abandoned as incompatible with article 1 of the Covenant.) Tj -36 -24.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.10) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0115 Tc -0.0035 Tw (The diminution and extinguishment of native title breaches Australia) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0036 Tc -0.1164 Tw (s obligations) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0088 Tc -0.0388 Tw (under articles 1, 2, 26 and 27. Though many of these ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0024 Tc (breaches) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (predate Australia) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0029 Tc -0.1229 Tw (s 1980) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0097 Tc -0.0023 Tw (ratification of the ICCPR, instances of diminution and extinguishment have continued) Tj T* 0.0065 Tc -0.0407 Tw (after that date, and even since the ) Tj 149.76 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0119 Tc 0.0119 Tw (Mabo \(no 2\)) Tj 54.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0163 Tc -0.0163 Tw ( case.) Tj 24.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0141 Tc -0.0159 Tw ( The diminution and extinguishment) Tj -232.56 -12.72 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.0176 Tw (of native title after the decision of the High Court in ) Tj 231.96 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0209 Tc 0.0209 Tw (Mabo v Queensland) Tj 88.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0012 Tc -0.0012 Tw ( \(hereinafter) Tj -320.64 -12.6 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0014 Tc -0.0014 Tw (Mabo \(no 2\)) Tj 55.08 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0045 Tc -0.0311 Tw (\), especially by the 1998 legislative amendments, is detailed below.) Tj -73.08 -24.84 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0209 Tc 0.0368 Tw (Developments in the common law of native title) Tj 0 -26.64 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 117.12 144 0.6 re f BT 90 106.32 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (2) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 10.08 0 TD 0.0121 Tc 0.0179 Tw (\(1999\) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 105.) Tj -14.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0187 Tc 0.0113 Tw ( \(1992\) 175 CLR 1) Tj ET endstream endobj 29 0 obj 6943 endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 28 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Length 32 0 R >> stream BT 499.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -409.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.11) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0044 Tc -0.0325 Tw (The common law approach to native title is to delineate two issues for its) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0327 Tw (determination. First, the applicants must prove that they continue to acknowledge the) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.0043 Tw (laws and customs based on the traditions of the clan group. Secondly, if the claimant) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0144 Tc (s) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0085 Tc -0.0115 Tw (connection to the traditions and customs of their forebears is established, the Court) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0082 Tw (decides whether native title has been extinguished by the exercise of sovereign power ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0144 Tc (to) Tj T* -0.0032 Tc -0.0368 Tw (create and to extinguish private rights and interests in land within the Sovereign) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0144 Tc (s) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0389 Tc (territory) Tj -2.4624 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 42.48 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (4) Tj -60.48 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.12) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0076 Tc -0.0164 Tw (A development of concern in the common law is its construction of native title as a) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.0447 Tw (bundle of rights such as a right to hunt, a right to traverse the land, a right to control) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0081 Tc -0.0481 Tw (access to the land.) Tj 80.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0013 Tc -0.0187 Tw ( The relationship between these rights as a system of rights, with some) Tj -83.52 -12.72 TD -0.0034 Tc -0.0151 Tw (rights being parasitic on others, is not recognised in this construction. Instead native title) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0134 Tc -0.0558 Tw (is seen as a set of traditional practices which will only be protected by the law if they) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0118 Tc -0.0478 Tw (continue to be practiced as they were by the original inhabitants.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.13) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0027 Tc -0.0396 Tw (One of the results of this construction of native title is that contemporary Indigenous) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.007 Tc -0.0584 Tw (practices, such as hunting or fishing, fail to be recognised as instances of the broader) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0 Tc -0.0294 Tw (system of laws and traditions which originated prior to British settlement. The ) Tj 346.92 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0366 Tc 0 Tw (frozen) Tj -346.92 -12.72 TD -0.0166 Tc (rights) Tj 25.8 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0033 Tc -0.0433 Tw ( approach to native title makes little allowance for the history of Indigenous) Tj -25.8 -12.6 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.0176 Tw (dispossession in Australia in defining the parameters of contemporary native title claims.) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0037 Tc -0.039 Tw (Where native title is cast as a system of rights rather than a bundle of rights, the exercise) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.003 Tc -0.027 Tw (of those rights can take a contemporary form even though their origin is the traditions and) Tj T* 0.0053 Tc -0.0773 Tw (customs of the original Indigenous inhabitants.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.14) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0009 Tc -0.0129 Tw (Article 27 protects minority contemporary cultural practices as well as traditional) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0158 Tc 0 Tw (practices.) Tj 41.88 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (6) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0055 Tc -0.0185 Tw ( For example, in ) Tj 77.64 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0133 Tc -0.0467 Tw (L\344nsman v Finland) Tj 85.56 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.014 Tc -0.01 Tw ( \(511/92\), the Human Rights Committee) Tj -208.56 -12.6 TD 0.005 Tc -0.035 Tw (has stated, at paragraph 9.3:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD 0.0082 Tc -0.0349 Tw (The right to enjoy one's culture cannot be determined ) Tj 237.6 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0566 Tc 0.0566 Tw (in ) Tj 11.28 0 TD -0.0236 Tc 0 Tw (abstracto) Tj 41.64 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0043 Tc -0.0257 Tw ( but has to be) Tj -290.52 -12.6 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.0163 Tw (placed in context. In this connection, the Committee observes that article 27) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.0088 Tw (does not only protect traditional means of livelihood of national minorities, as) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0056 Tc -0.0493 Tw (indicated in the State party's submission. Therefore, that the authors may have) Tj T* 0.0047 Tc -0.0247 Tw (adapted their methods of reindeer herding over the years and practice it with) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0207 Tw (the help of modern technology does not prevent them from invoking article 27) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.0082 Tw (of the Covenant.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.15) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0023 Tc -0.0162 Tw (The bundle of rights approach also effects the outcome of the second issue considered) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0034 Tc -0.0234 Tw (by the Court in native title cases) Tj 141.84 0 TD -0.018 Tc 0.018 Tw (; extinguishment. ) Tj 79.2 0 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.0356 Tw (Where the exercise of rights pursuant to) Tj -221.04 -12.72 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.0258 Tw (an act of the Crown is inconsistent with the exercise of a particular native title right then,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0038 Tc -0.0538 Tw (under the bundle of rights approach, that particular native title right is permanently) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0099 Tw (extinguished by such inconsistency. Each native title right from the bundle of rights can) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0014 Tc -0.0314 Tw (be extinguished in this way.) Tj -18 -49.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 194.4 144 0.6 re f BT 90 183.6 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (4) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0229 Tc 0 Tw (Ibid,) Tj 18.72 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc -0.15 Tw ( p63) Tj -25.32 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0 Tw (5) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0259 Tc -0.0069 Tw ( This approach has been adopted by Justices Beaumont and von ) Tj 257.28 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.0291 Tw (Doussa in the majority decision of the) Tj -261.36 -12 TD 0.007 Tc 0.053 Tw (Full Federal Court in ) Tj 86.64 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0182 Tc 0.0118 Tw (Ward and Others \(on behalf of the ) Tj 140.4 0 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.0218 Tw (Miriuwung and ) Tj 64.44 0 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.0171 Tw (Gajerrong People\) and Others) Tj -291.48 -11.4 TD -0 Tc 0.03 Tw (v State of Western Australia ) Tj 114.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0305 Tc -0 Tw (\(1998\) 159 ALR 483. It has also been adopted has been adopted by Justice) Tj -114.6 -11.52 TD 0.0283 Tc 0.0017 Tw (Olney in the Federal Court in ) Tj 119.88 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0181 Tc 0.0481 Tw (Yorta ) Tj 24.72 0 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.0171 Tw (Yorta Aboriginal ) Tj 70.8 0 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.0021 Tw (community v The State of ) Tj 108.6 0 TD 0.0043 Tc 0.0257 Tw (Vicoria and Others) Tj -324 -11.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0292 Tc 0.0008 Tw (\(unreported, Federal Court of Australia\), FCA 1606, 18 December 1998, Olney J \() Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 333.24 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0181 Tc 0.0481 Tw (Yorta ) Tj 24.72 0 TD 0 Tw (Yorta) Tj -3.3431 Tc (\222) Tj -0.007 Tc (\)) Tj -357.96 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (6) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0421 Tc 0.0179 Tw ( See B. Kingsbury, ) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0305 Tc 0.0115 Tw (Claims by non-State Groups in International Law \(1992\) 25 ) Tj 326.04 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0304 Tw (Cornell ILJ) Tj 46.32 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0198 Tc 0.0102 Tw ( 481, at) Tj -376.44 -12 TD 0.0525 Tc 0 Tw (491.) Tj ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj 7813 endobj 30 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 31 0 R >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Length 35 0 R >> stream BT 499.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj -409.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.16) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0.0403 Tw (Where native title is constructed as an Indigenous title to land, with particular) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.043 Tw (practices, such as hunting and fishing, constituting an incidence of that title,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0018 Tc -0.0345 Tw (extinguishment will only occur where there is an inconsistency between the non-) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0093 Tc -0.0243 Tw (Indigenous title and the underlying Indigenous title to land.) Tj 261.24 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0052 Tc -0.0348 Tw ( Under this construction,) Tj -264.72 -12.6 TD -0.0069 Tc -0.0103 Tw (native title is a stronger, more resilient title.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.17) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0069 Tc -0.0171 Tw (The position of the High Court of Australia in relation to these issues has not been) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0009 Tw (finally decided. Where the common law is developing in a direction contrary to) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0037 Tc 0 Tw (Australia) Tj -2.5824 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0064 Tc -0.0136 Tw (s obligations under ICCPR it is incumbent on Australia to legislate to ensure) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0028 Tc -0.0144 Tw (that appropriate protection is extended to Indigenous people.) Tj -18 -25.44 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.02 Tc 0.0532 Tw (The Native Title Act 1993 \(NTA\)) Tj 0 -25.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.18) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0214 Tc -0.0214 Tw (In summary the original ) Tj 108.84 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0222 Tc -0.0178 Tw (Native Title Act 1993) Tj 93.84 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0768 Tc -0.1968 Tw ( \() Tj 6.36 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0101 Tw (Cth\) \(NTA\) operated in the following) Tj -227.04 -12.72 TD 0.0684 Tc 0 Tw (way:) Tj -18 -25.92 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0028 Tc 0.0028 Tw (Validated past acts which, because of the effect of the ) Tj 239.88 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0272 Tc 0.0272 Tw (Racial Discrimination Act 1975) Tj -239.88 -12.72 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.0265 Tw (Cth\) \(RDA\), were invalid. As a result of the enactment of the RDA in 1975, legislative) Tj -3.72 -12.72 TD 0.0035 Tc -0.0472 Tw (or other acts that, after this date, failed to recognise Indigenous titleholders) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.001 Tc 0 Tw (procedural) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.0217 Tw (and substantive rights, were rendered invalid.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.19) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0254 Tc -0.0254 Tw (In the first ) Tj 48.6 0 TD 0.0026 Tc -0.0626 Tw (Mabo decision, ) Tj 70.68 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0209 Tc -0.0391 Tw (Mabo v Queensland) Tj 88.56 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.76 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0 Tw (\(No 1\) ) Tj 31.08 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0031 Tc 0.0031 Tw (\(1988\) 166 CLR 186, the High) Tj -259.68 -12.6 TD 0.0116 Tc -0.1016 Tw (Court found that the ) Tj 91.8 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0264 Tc -0.0036 Tw (Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act) Tj 189.36 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw ( \(Qld\) 1985, which) Tj -281.16 -12.72 TD -0.0095 Tc 0.0095 Tw (extinguished Indigenous title to land in the event of its actual existence,) Tj 315.24 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0062 Tc -0.0062 Tw ( contravened the) Tj -318.72 -12.6 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0289 Tw (RDA and was therefore invalid.) Tj 140.16 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0044 Tc -0.0578 Tw ( The High Court found that the Queensland statute) Tj -143.64 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0177 Tw (contravened section 10 of the RDA, which guaranteed that members of all racial groups) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0048 Tc -0.0048 Tw (would enjoy recognition of their ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0032 Tc (rights) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0018 Tc -0.0432 Tw (to the same extent as each other. ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0224 Tc (Rights) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0304 Tc 0 Tw (within) Tj T* 0.0011 Tc -0.0411 Tw (section 10 included, ) Tj 91.08 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0192 Tc 0.0192 Tw (inter ) Tj 23.64 0 TD -0.0566 Tc 0 Tw (alia) Tj 17.04 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0094 Tc -0.0494 Tw (, freedom from the arbitrary deprivation of legal rights to) Tj -131.76 -12.72 TD 0.0373 Tc 0 Tw (property.) Tj 39.96 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (10) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0018 Tc -0.0361 Tw ( The High Court held that the Queensland Act purported to lower the legal) Tj -46.92 -12.6 TD 0.0087 Tc -0.0387 Tw (rights of indigenous peoples to property compared to other racial groups, contrary to) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0607 Tw (section 10. The Queensland Act was thus invalid.) Tj -18 -25.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.20) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0138 Tc 0.0138 Tw (The confirmation of the continued existence of native title at common law in the) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.0032 Tw (second ) Tj 33.36 0 TD -0.0066 Tc 0.0066 Tw (Mabo decision, ) Tj 70.56 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0219 Tc 0.0219 Tw (Mabo 2) Tj 33.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0097 Tc -0.0036 Tw (, combined with the interpretation given to the RDA in) Tj -137.88 -12.6 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0021 Tc -0.0021 Tw (Mabo 1) Tj 34.08 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0045 Tc -0.0245 Tw (, meant that many legislative or other acts by the States or Territories) Tj 303.84 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0197 Tc 0.0197 Tw ( from 1975,) Tj -344.88 -12.72 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.0012 Tw (and possibly some non-legislative acts by the Commonwealth government, which ignored) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0035 Tc -0.0265 Tw (substantive and procedural native title rights, were invalid. ) Tj 261 0 TD 0.0114 Tc -0.0714 Tw (The NTA retrospectively) Tj -261 -12.6 TD 0.0016 Tc -0.0444 Tw (validated these past invalid acts. The validation of these titles by the NTA prevailed over) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0245 Tw (the invalidation of these titles by the RDA because the NTA was a subsequent piece of) Tj -18 -24 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 257.04 144 0.6 re f BT 90 246.24 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (7) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 38.52 0 TD 0.0192 Tc 0.0268 Tw (This approach was adopted by Justice Lee in the Federal Court and Justice North in his) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0251 Tc 0.0049 Tw (minority decision in the appeal of ) Tj 137.16 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0137 Tc 0.0163 Tw (Ward and Others \(on behalf of the ) Tj 140.28 0 TD 0.0182 Tc 0.0118 Tw (Miriuwung and) Tj -277.44 -11.52 TD 0.0115 Tc 0.0052 Tw (Gajerrong People\) and Others v State of Western Australia ) Tj 240.24 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.031 Tc -0.001 Tw (\(1998\) 159 ALR 483) Tj -282.84 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0142 Tc 0.0338 Tw ( The existence of native title was of course not confirmed until four years after, in 1992 with ) Tj 377.16 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0334 Tc 0 Tw (Mabo) Tj -381.24 -12 TD 0.0327 Tc -0.0027 Tw (\(no 2\). ) Tj 29.16 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.054 Tc 0 Tw (The) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD 0.0333 Tc -0.0633 Tw (Mabo \(no 1\)) Tj 49.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0153 Tc 0.0147 Tw ( decision found that, in the event that an Indigenous title to land existed, the) Tj -97.2 -11.4 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0111 Tc 0.0189 Tw (Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act) Tj 172.32 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0161 Tc 0.0139 Tw ( \(Qld\) 1985, would be invalid because of the operation of) Tj -172.32 -11.52 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.0324 Tw (the RDA.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0125 Tc 0.0316 Tw ( Under section 109 of the Constitution, Commonwealth Acts prevail over State Acts in the case of an) Tj -4.08 -12 TD 0.0201 Tc 0.0499 Tw (inconsistency. State Acts are invalid to the extent of any such inconsistency.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0334 Tc 0 Tw (Mabo) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.06 Tc -0.09 Tw ( 1 ) Tj 9.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0176 Tc 0.0124 Tw (at 216-17 \(Brennan, ) Tj 82.56 0 TD 0.0668 Tc 0 Tw (Toohey) Tj 30.48 0 TD 0.03 Tc (, ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0228 Tc (Gaudron) Tj 34.92 0 TD 0.0249 Tc 0.0051 Tw ( JJ\) and 229-230 \() Tj 72.48 0 TD 0.0283 Tc 0 Tw (Deane) Tj 25.44 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.0436 Tw ( J\).) Tj -300 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0115 Tw ( The RDA also prevails over inconsistent territorial legislation. The Commonwealth has plenary) Tj -8.16 -12 TD 0.0166 Tc 0.0134 Tw (power over the territories under section 122 of the Constitution.) Tj ET endstream endobj 35 0 obj 9233 endobj 33 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 34 0 R >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Length 39 0 R >> stream BT 499.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj -391.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0293 Tw (legislation and dealt more specifically with the relationship between native title and other) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0068 Tc -0.0868 Tw (non-Indigenous titles to land.) Tj -18 -25.92 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0058 Tc 0.0058 Tw (Applied the ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0032 Tc 0.0032 Tw (freehold test) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.3424 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0 Tc -0.0435 Tw (to future acts proposed over native title land. The freehold test) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0034 Tc -0.0514 Tw (ensured that, in relation to ) Tj 117.96 0 TD 0.001 Tc -0.031 Tw (acts which affected native title holders after the ) Tj 211.44 0 TD -0.0159 Tc 0.0159 Tw (Mabo decision,) Tj -329.4 -12.6 TD 0.0095 Tc -0.0372 Tw (they would be given the same procedural rights as ordinary titleholders. In other words,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0083 Tc -0.0512 Tw (for future acts, the principle of equality would apply to ensure that native title was) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0026 Tc -0.024 Tw (protected to the same extent as non-Indigenous titles to land.) Tj -18 -25.92 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0013 Tc -0.0382 Tw (Gave native title claimants and holders a right to negotiate where mining and certain) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0211 Tw (compulsory acquisitions were proposed on native title land. This right recognised, and) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0054 Tc -0.0131 Tw (sought to protect native title from the potentially destructive impact of mining on native) Tj T* 0.0031 Tc -0.0031 Tw (title rights. It also gave native ) Tj 133.56 0 TD -0.004 Tc -0.041 Tw (title holders a right to participate in the economic) Tj -133.56 -12.72 TD 0.0013 Tc -0.0013 Tw (management of their land and resources.) Tj -18 -25.92 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0046 Tc -0.0194 Tw (Established a process by which native title claims and determinations \(including) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0069 Tc -0.0051 Tw (compensation determinations\) could be registered and made and disputes could be) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0019 Tc -0.0461 Tw (resolved. The National Native Title Tribunal was established for these purposes.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.21) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0183 Tc 0.0183 Tw (The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination \(the CERD Committee\)) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0009 Tw (has described the original NTA as delicately balancing the rights of Indigenous and non-) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0067 Tc -0.0067 Tw (Indigenous titleholders.) Tj 103.92 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj -121.92 -30.48 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0115 Tc 0.0446 Tw (Native Title Amendment Act 1998 \() Tj 166.68 0 TD -0.0089 Tc 0 Tw (Cth\)) Tj -166.68 -25.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc (1.22) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.016 Tc -0.016 Tw (The ) Tj 19.92 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0209 Tc 0.0209 Tw (Native Title Amendment Act) Tj 123.84 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0154 Tc -0.1354 Tw ( 1998 \() Tj 31.08 0 TD 0.0134 Tc -0.082 Tw (Cth\) was passed largely in response to the) Tj -192.84 -12.72 TD 0.0031 Tc -0.0431 Tw (perception that the ) Tj 84.72 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0054 Tc -0.0054 Tw (Wik ) Tj 19.8 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0021 Tc -0.0471 Tw (decision had pushed the balance between Indigenous and non-) Tj -104.52 -12.6 TD 0.0048 Tc -0.0581 Tw (Indigenous interests too far in favour of native title holders.) Tj 262.08 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0888 Tc -0.0888 Tw ( In ) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0.0048 Tw (Wik v Queensland) Tj 80.16 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0056 Tc -0.0056 Tw ( \(1996\)) Tj -363.84 -12.6 TD 0.0144 Tc -0.0144 Tw (187 CLR 1, \() Tj 58.2 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj 17.04 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0022 Tc -0.0255 Tw (\) the High Court confirmed that native title could survive the grant of a) Tj -75.24 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0226 Tw (pastoral lease, depending on the terms of the grant. Unless the terms of the grant showed) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.0245 Tw (a clear and plain intention to extinguish native title, native title was held to be capable of) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0397 Tw (co-existing with that lease. Where, however, the exercise of native title rights are) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0051 Tc -0.0697 Tw (inconsistent with the rights granted under the lease, the rights of the leaseholder will) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.0185 Tw (prevail. Native title rights in such a situation will be unenforceable.) Tj 296.28 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj -314.28 -30.24 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.23) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0023 Tc -0.0077 Tw (The CERD Committee stated that the amended Act appears to create legal certainty) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0356 Tw (for governments and third parties at the expense of native ) Tj 256.08 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.0092 Tw (title holders.) Tj 54.96 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0166 Tc -0.0166 Tw ( They also noted) Tj -318 -12.6 TD 0.0037 Tc -0.0437 Tw (that the process by which the NTA amendments of 1998 were enacted did not involve the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0244 Tw (informed consent of Indigenous people or their representatives. The amendments were) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0121 Tc -0.0421 Tw (not acceptable to the Indigenous people whose rights are directly affected by them.) Tj 365.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj -383.04 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.24) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0029 Tc -0.0429 Tw (The amended NTA subordinates Indigenous interests to those of non-Indigenous) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0056 Tc -0.0656 Tw (titleholders in the following ways:) Tj -18 -29.28 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 199.56 144 0.6 re f BT 90 188.76 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (12) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0083 Tc 0.0217 Tw ( Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) Tj 232.56 0 TD 0.03 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0.0201 Tw ( on Australia) Tj 52.32 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0449 Tc -0.0149 Tw (, paragraph 6. ) Tj 57.6 0 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.0266 Tw (18 March) Tj -355.68 -12 TD 0.0155 Tc 0.0145 Tw (1999, UN Doc CERD/C/54/Misc.40/Rev.2.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.054 Tc -0.024 Tw ( The ) Tj 20.64 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0031 Tc 0.0269 Tw (Native Title Amendment Act) Tj 112.32 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0386 Tc -0.0086 Tw ( 1998 \() Tj 28.44 0 TD 0.0115 Tc 0.0305 Tw (Cth\) was passed on 8 July 1998 and amends the ) Tj 193.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0338 Tw (Native Title) Tj -363.12 -12 TD 0.0376 Tc -0.0076 Tw (Act 1993) Tj 35.88 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.0091 Tw (Cth\). Most of the amendments came into force from 30 September 1998.) Tj -39.24 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0636 Tc -0.0336 Tw (per ) Tj 15.24 0 TD 0.0501 Tc -0.0201 Tw (Toohey, p126) Tj -28.44 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0288 Tc -0.0159 Tw ( CERD, Decision \(2\) 54, paragraph 6.) Tj -8.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0229 Tc 0 Tw (Ibid,) Tj 18.72 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0463 Tc -0.0763 Tw ( paragraph 9.) Tj ET endstream endobj 39 0 obj 7970 endobj 36 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 38 0 R >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Length 42 0 R >> stream BT 499.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj -373.56 706.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0123 Tc 0.0123 Tw (Provisions which validate ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.007 Tc -0.053 Tw (intermediate period acts) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0288 Tc (;) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0131 Tc 0.0131 Tw (Provisions which ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.018 Tc 0.018 Tw (confirm the extinguishment) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.001 Tc -0.059 Tw (of native title;) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0102 Tc 0.0102 Tw (Provisions which validate the doing of ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0067 Tc 0.0067 Tw (future acts) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0144 Tc -0.0144 Tw (, particularly ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0089 Tc (Primary) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.0037 Tw (Production Upgrade) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.002 Tc -0.017 Tw (provisions, even though they may impair native title rights;) Tj -18 -13.32 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0008 Tc -0.0428 Tw (Provisions which diminish the applicability and the effectiveness of the right to) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.016 Tc 0 Tw (negotiate) Tj 40.32 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (17) Tj -58.32 -18.36 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0039 Tc -0.0361 Tw (Provisions which prevent the registration of bona fide native title claims and thus) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0345 Tw (prevent access to the right to negotiate provisions) Tj -18 -13.32 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0064 Tc -0.0154 Tw (The failure to incorporate the RDA into the native title legislative regime.) Tj -54 -37.44 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0098 Tc -0.0471 Tw (Validation of Intermediate Period Acts) Tj 182.76 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj -182.76 -33.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.25) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0098 Tc 0.0098 Tw (The amended NTA contains provisions which validate ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0015 Tc -0.1185 Tw (intermediate period acts) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw (done by the Commonwealth, and which authorise the States and Territories to introduce) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0016 Tc -0.0284 Tw (similar validating legislation for acts done by those States and Territories. All States,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.0149 Tw (other than Tasmania have passed validating ) Tj 194.88 0 TD 0.0028 Tc 0 Tw (legisaltion.) Tj -212.88 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.26) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0144 Tc 0.0144 Tw (An ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0091 Tc -0.1291 Tw (intermediate period act) Tj -2.5824 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0116 Tc -0.0236 Tw (is an act done by a government between 1 January 1994,) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0428 Tw (the date that the NTA was introduced, and 23 December 1996, the date of the ) Tj 343.8 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj -343.8 -12.72 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0048 Tc (decision.) Tj 39.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (19) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0038 Tc -0.0198 Tw ( The invalidity of the majority of these acts is due to the failure of governments) Tj -46.32 -12.6 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0335 Tw (granting interests after the enactment of the NTA to take into account native title interests) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0026 Tc -0.0251 Tw (co-existing on pastoral leaseholds. For instance, the grant of a mining tenement on ) Tj 365.76 0 TD 0.0624 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj -365.76 -12.72 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0106 Tw (pastoral leasehold, without consideration of the rights of native title claimants or holders) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0043 Tc -0.032 Tw (would have been invalid under the original NTA. These acts are validated by the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0065 Tc 0 Tw (amendments.) Tj -18 -25.2 TD 0 Tc (1.27) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 9 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0074 Tc 1.3006 Tw (Intermediate period acts are divided into different categories. The categories indicate) Tj -10.32 -12.72 TD 0 Tc 0.3681 Tw (the impact which different validated acts may have on native title. The grant of exclusive) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.0682 Tw (agricultural and pastoral leases, and community purpose leases are included in category) Tj 386.76 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0288 Tc (A) Tj -389.64 -15.72 TD -0.0015 Tc 2.2815 Tw (intermediate period acts.) Tj 113.04 8.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 6.96 -3 TD 0.06 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0294 Tc -0.0294 Tw (Category ) Tj 45.24 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 2.2913 Tw (A intermediate period acts extinguish native title) Tj -169.32 -12.6 TD -0.0009 Tc 1.7609 Tw (completely. Subject to exceptions,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 161.28 0 TD 0.0048 Tc 1.8295 Tw (leases which are wholly or partly inconsistent with) Tj -161.28 -12.72 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0739 Tw (native title are category B) Tj 114 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0101 Tc 0.1034 Tw (intermediate period acts and extinguish native title to the extent) Tj -116.88 -15.6 TD 0.0043 Tc 0.9557 Tw (of the inconsistency.) Tj 92.64 8.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (21) Tj 6.96 -8.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0125 Tc 1.0052 Tw ( Extinguishment of native title is defined in the amended NTA as) Tj -99.6 -12.6 TD 0.0082 Tc 0 Tw (permanent.) Tj 49.2 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (22) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.5907 Tw ( The grant of a mining lease is a category C act and the non-extinguishment) Tj -74.16 -45.72 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 273.6 144 0.6 re f BT 90 262.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (17) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0175 Tc 0.0266 Tw ( The first four issues were cited by the CERD Committee as matters of particular concern in their) Tj -8.16 -12 TD 0.0239 Tc 0.0361 Tw (Decision\(2\) on Australia, paragraph 7.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.017 Tc 0.0302 Tw ( Extracted and based on material from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice) Tj -8.16 -11.88 TD 0.0049 Tc 0.0251 Tw (Commissioner, ) Tj 63.24 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0075 Tc 0.0525 Tw (Native Title Report 1996-97 ) Tj 115.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0253 Tc 0.0047 Tw (\(hereafter Native Title Report, 1996-7\), pp60-64.) Tj -178.44 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (19) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0188 Tc 0.0112 Tw ( Some acts performed ) Tj 89.88 0 TD 0.0466 Tc 0 Tw (after) Tj 18.36 0 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.0404 Tw ( the ) Tj 17.16 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0406 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj 15.48 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.037 Tw (decision have also been validated ) Tj -0.0043 Tc 0.0343 Tw (\226 for example, options created) Tj ET 188.04 193.2 18.24 0.48 re f BT 90 182.76 TD 0.0436 Tc -0.0136 Tw (before ) Tj 28.08 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.0294 Tw (Wik ) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0124 Tc 0.0576 Tw (which were exercised post-) Tj 108.96 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0806 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tc (.) Tj -170.64 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (20) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.004 Tw ( NTA ) Tj 28.08 0 TD 0.0256 Tc 0.0044 Tw (s.232B\(5\)\(b\), s.229\(3\)\(a\).) Tj -36.24 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (21) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0261 Tc 0.0039 Tw ( NTA s232C. Category C and D intermediate period acts are defined in ss232D and 232E NTA) Tj -8.16 -12 TD 0.034 Tc 0 Tw (respectively.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (22) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0361 Tc -0.0061 Tw ( NTA s237a.) Tj ET endstream endobj 42 0 obj 8270 endobj 40 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 41 0 R >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Length 45 0 R >> stream BT 499.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -391.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0.1203 Tw (principle applies.) Tj 75.72 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (23) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc 0.0267 Tw ( Native titleholders are entitled to compensation for the extinguishment) Tj -82.68 -15.72 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0163 Tw (or impairment of their title by validated acts.) Tj 196.68 8.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (24) Tj -214.68 -45.6 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0172 Tc -0.0297 Tw (Confirmation of Extinguishment Provisions) Tj 205.08 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj -205.08 -33.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.28) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0057 Tc -0.0384 Tw (The amendments to the NTA classify certain land tenures, granted before 23) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0038 Tc -0.0238 Tw (December 1996 \(the date of the ) Tj 141.84 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj 17.04 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.001 Tc -0.0504 Tw ( decision\), to have either extinguished or impaired) Tj -158.88 -12.6 TD -0 Tc -0.0297 Tw (native title. Where those interests were granted by the states the amendments authorise) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0035 Tc -0.0485 Tw (them to introduce complementary legislation to the same effect.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.29) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0065 Tc -0.0335 Tw (Where an interest is deemed to amount to exclusive possession \(called and ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0235 Tc (exclusive) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.0044 Tw (possession act) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0 Tc -0.024 Tw (\) it is confirmed as permanently extinguishing native title, regardless of) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (whether the extinguishing interest continues to subsist on the land or not.) Tj 321.48 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (26) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.027 Tc -0.107 Tw ( . The acts) Tj -328.44 -12.72 TD 0.0034 Tc -0.1234 Tw (include the following:) Tj 18 -25.92 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0065 Tc -0.0085 Tw (interests scheduled to the amended NTA, in Schedule 1;) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0 Tw (freehold estates;) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0036 Tc -0.0516 Tw (commercial, residential or community purpose leases;) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0.0605 Tw (exclusive pastoral or agricultural leases;) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0057 Tc -0.0183 Tw (other leases which are not mining leases and which provide exclusive) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0083 Tc 0 Tw (possession.) Tj 49.8 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (27) Tj -103.8 -30.24 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.30) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0063 Tc -0.0373 Tw (Native titleholders are entitled to compensation as a result of the extinguishment) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0247 Tw (resulting from these provisions but only to the extent \(if any\) that the common law has) Tj 0 -15.6 TD 0.0015 Tc -0.0358 Tw (not already extinguished native title rights and interests.) Tj 246.24 8.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (28) Tj -264.24 -33.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.31) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0024 Tc -0.0524 Tw (Section 23E of the NTA provides that states and territories may introduce legislation) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0053 Tc -0.0353 Tw (that deems certain classes of tenures as well as specifically scheduled tenures granted) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.0236 Tw (before 23 December 1996 to have either extinguished or impaired native title. All states,) Tj T* -0.0045 Tc -0.0055 Tw (other than Tasmania have introduced confirming the extinguishment of native title by the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0053 Tc -0.0653 Tw (grant of the scheduled interests.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.32) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0134 Tc 0.0134 Tw (The confirmation provisions pre-empt the development of the common law on native) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0 Tc -0.0196 Tw (title. As indicated, the common law, particularly with regard to extinguishment, is largely) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0033 Tc -0.0059 Tw (undecided. It is still open as to whether native title is totally extinguished, partially) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0103 Tw (extinguished or merely suspended by the grant of an exclusive possession title.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.33) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0089 Tc -0.002 Tw (However, whether or not the common law confirms the legislative position with) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.001 Tc -0.049 Tw (regard to the many tenures deemed to extinguish native title, it is still incumbent on the) Tj -18 -14.28 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 242.28 144 0.6 re f BT 90 231.48 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (23) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0142 Tc 0.0158 Tw ( In such a case the native title continues to exist ) Tj 192.84 0 TD 0.0174 Tc 0.0126 Tw (but the rights and interests have no effect in relation) Tj -201 -11.88 TD 0.0146 Tc 0.0154 Tw (to the act, s238 NTA) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (24) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0357 Tc -0.0057 Tw (NTA s22D, 22F.) Tj -13.2 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD 0.0159 Tc 0.0291 Tw (Extracted and based on material from Native Title Report) Tj 230.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0204 Tc 0.0096 Tw (1996-97, pp68-75.) Tj -243.6 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (26) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0147 Tc 0.0153 Tw ( S47B NTA allows for the restoration of native title extinguished as a result of the confirmation) Tj -8.16 -12 TD 0.0178 Tc 0.0522 Tw (provisions. Only native ) Tj 96 0 TD 0.0237 Tc 0.0281 Tw (title holders who currently occupy the land will benefit form these provisions.) Tj -96 -11.52 TD 0.0236 Tc 0.0317 Tw (The section will only apply where the land is presently vacant Crown land and is not the subject of a) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0235 Tc 0.0065 Tw (reservation, dedication or resumption order.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (27) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.004 Tw ( NTA ) Tj 28.08 0 TD 0.0493 Tc 0 Tw (s23B\(2\)\(c\).) Tj -36.24 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (28) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.004 Tw ( NTA ) Tj 28.08 0 TD 0.021 Tc 0 Tw (s23J\(1\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 45 0 obj 7126 endobj 43 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 44 0 R >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Length 48 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj -385.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0019 Tc -0.0281 Tw (State to ensure that their human rights obligations with respect to protecting Indigenous) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0086 Tc -0.0195 Tw (culture and ensuring equality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people are met. Far) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0389 Tw (from alleviating governments of their human rights) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0082 Tc 0.0082 Tw (responsibilities, discriminatory) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.0076 Tw (developments in the common law place a greater onus on ) Tj 255.48 0 TD -0.0073 Tc 0.0073 Tw (goverments to provide) Tj -255.48 -12.6 TD -0.0083 Tc -0.0217 Tw (additional protection to native title.) Tj -18 -24.84 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0082 Tc -0.0387 Tw (ICCPR compatibility of ) Tj -2.5949 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0319 Tc (Validation) Tj -2.7149 Tc 2.748 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0195 Tc 0.0526 Tw (and ) Tj -2.5949 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0264 Tc (Confirmation) Tj -2.5949 Tc 2.508 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0356 Tc 0 Tw (Provisions) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc (1.34) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0115 Tc 0.0115 Tw (The retrospective validation provisions breach the non-discrimination provisions of) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.0152 Tw (the ICCPR. They diminish the property rights of native-title holders) Tj 301.68 0 TD 0.0081 Tc -0.0081 Tw (, by definition) Tj -301.68 -12.6 TD 0.0072 Tc -0.0472 Tw (Indigenous peoples, and increase the property rights of non-native title holders. Though) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0357 Tw (property is not a protected ICCPR right, article 26 prohibits discrimination in relation to) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0037 Tc -0.0055 Tw (the exercise of all human rights, including non-ICCPR rights. In General Comment 18,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0033 Tc -0.0138 Tw (the HRC has defined discrimination at paragraph 7:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD -0.0133 Tc -0.0067 Tw (The Committee believes that the term ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0151 Tc (discrimination) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0179 Tc 0.1379 Tw (as used in the Covenant should) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.991 Tw (be understood to imply any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference which is) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0072 Tc 1.1005 Tw (based on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other) Tj T* -0.0046 Tc 1.2877 Tw (opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, and which has the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.3223 Tw (purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc -0.0366 Tw (all persons, on an equal footing, of all rights and freedoms.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.35) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0083 Tc -0.0037 Tw (The distinctions cannot be deemed reasonable and objective distinctions, which are) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0041 Tc -0.0213 Tw (compatible with article 26. For all the need for certainty and workability there is a) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0015 Tc -0.0203 Tw (balancing objective of allowing sufficient time to integrate the belated recognition of) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0162 Tc 0.0162 Tw (native title into Australia) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0022 Tc 0.0022 Tw (s land management system.) Tj 234.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (29) Tj -252.36 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.36) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.016 Tc -0.016 Tw (The ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.024 Tc (validation) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0192 Tc 0.0192 Tw (and ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0172 Tc (confirmation) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0126 Tc -0.0354 Tw (provisions result in the extinguishment or) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0459 Tw (diminution of native title rights. They contravene Australia) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0094 Tc -0.0094 Tw (s duty to positively protect) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw (native title.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.37) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0102 Tc -0.0502 Tw (At paragraph 9.4 of the first ) Tj 125.64 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0155 Tc 0 Tw (L\344nsman) Tj 40.32 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0078 Tc -0.0162 Tw ( case \(511/92\), the HRC stated:) Tj -165.96 -25.2 TD 0.004 Tc 0.4685 Tw (Article 27 requires that a member of a minority shall not be denied his right to enjoy) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.6252 Tw (his culture. Thus, measures whose impact amount to a denial of the right will not be) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0078 Tc 2.3751 Tw (compatible with the obligations under article 27. However, measures that have a) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.7246 Tw (certain limited impact on the way of life of persons belonging to a minority will not) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0024 Tc -0.0144 Tw (necessarily amount to a denial of the right under article 27.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.38) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0186 Tc -0.0186 Tw (In the two ) Tj 47.4 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0016 Tc 0 Tw (L\344nsman) Tj 40.44 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.001 Tc -0.047 Tw ( cases, the HRC found that the interference with traditional ) Tj 262.44 0 TD -0.0456 Tc 0 Tw (Sami) Tj -368.28 -12.6 TD 0.0153 Tc -0.0393 Tw (reindeer husbandry posed by certain economic interferences \(logging and quarrying with) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.002 Tc -0.0307 Tw (limited geographical impact\) did not have such a detrimental impact on ) Tj 316.92 0 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0459 Tw (Sami tradition as) Tj -316.92 -12.6 TD -0.0067 Tc -0.0019 Tw (to amount to a breach of article 27. In contrast, the validation provisions, which) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0017 Tc -0.0417 Tw (retrospectively validate all land grants issued in contravention of native title rights, and) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0119 Tc 0.0119 Tw (the confirmation provisions, which ) Tj 156.84 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (wholly) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 2.76 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0442 Tc (extinguish) Tj 45.12 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0026 Tc -0.0626 Tw ( native title rights, or authorise such) Tj -234.12 -12.6 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.0062 Tw (extinguishment, and therefore ) Tj 134.52 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0324 Tc 0.0324 Tw (wholly deny ) Tj 55.56 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0479 Tw (cultural rights associated with affected land,) Tj -190.08 -12.72 TD -0.0025 Tc -0.0258 Tw (must be deemed to have such a detrimental effect on article 27 rights as to amount to a) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0151 Tc -0.0151 Tw (breach thereof.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.39) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0048 Tc -0.0048 Tw (Furthermore, the ) Tj 76.8 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0155 Tc 0.0155 Tw (L\344nsman ) Tj 43.08 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0036 Tc -0.0264 Tw (cases indicated that the cumulative effects of past and) Tj -137.88 -12.6 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.0068 Tw (current activities on a minority culture would be taken into account in considering) Tj -18 -30.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 97.32 144 0.6 re f BT 90 86.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (29) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0171 Tc 0.0129 Tw ( Native Title Report 1996-7, p. 75-76.) Tj ET endstream endobj 48 0 obj 7503 endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 47 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Length 51 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj -385.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0042 Tc -0.0642 Tw (whether those current activities breached article 27.) Tj 226.92 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (30) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.006 Tc -0.024 Tw ( The NTA amendments) Tj -233.88 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0 Tw (unjustifiably exacerbate pre-) Tj 125.76 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (Mabo) Tj 25.8 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0161 Tc 0.0161 Tw ( extinguishments of native title.) Tj -169.56 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.40) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 9 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0086 Tc 0.1646 Tw (While the amended NTA provides for compensation for extinguishment or impairment,) Tj -10.32 -12.6 TD 0.0028 Tc 1.3012 Tw (this does not substitute for the right of Indigenous people to their land. In this respect,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0072 Tc 0.0072 Tw (note paragraph 5 of CERD General Recommendation 23:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD 4.8576 Tc -4.8576 Tw (\205 ) Tj 16.44 0 TD 0 Tc 2.7355 Tw (where [Indigenous peoples] have been deprived of their lands and territories) Tj -16.44 -12.72 TD 0 Tc 1.4943 Tw (traditionally owned or otherwise inhabited or used without their free and informed) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0024 Tc 1.9416 Tw (consent, to take steps to return these lands and territories. ) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 279.72 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0175 Tc 1.9975 Tw (Only when this is for) Tj -279.72 -12.6 TD -0.0209 Tc 0.4209 Tw (factual reasons not possible) Tj 124.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0214 Tc 0.3814 Tw (, the right to ) Tj 58.32 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.4671 Tw (restitution should be substituted by the right) Tj -183 -12.72 TD -0.0069 Tc 1.0869 Tw (to just, fair and prompt compensation. Such compensation should as far as possible) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0045 Tc -0.0559 Tw (take the form of lands and territories. \() Tj 169.92 0 TD 0.0038 Tc -0.1238 Tw (emphasis added\)) Tj -205.92 -24.72 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.013 Tc -0.0053 Tw (The Future Act and Primary Production Upgrade Provisions) Tj 286.32 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (31) Tj -286.32 -33.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.41) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0031 Tc -0.0249 Tw (In addition to ordering the relationship between native title and previously granted) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0013 Tc -0.0307 Tw (interests, the NTA recognises that there is a present and future dimension to native title. It) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0061 Tc -0.0025 Tw (seeks to determine, through the future acts regime, how native title and other interests in) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.0077 Tw (land will interact in the future.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.42) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0086 Tc -0.0014 Tw (The amendments project the denial of cultural rights of native titleholders into the) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0069 Tc -0.0583 Tw (future in relation to specific interests by ) Tj 178.08 0 TD -0.002 Tc -0.018 Tw (prioritising those interests ahead of native title.) Tj -178.08 -12.6 TD -0.0021 Tc -0.0579 Tw (This is so in relation to the following interests:) Tj 18 -26.04 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.002 Tc -0.013 Tw (acts permitting primary production on non-exclusive pastoral or agricultural) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0147 Tc -0.1347 Tw (leases \(s24GB\);) Tj -18 -26.04 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0052 Tc -0.0352 Tw (acts permitting off-farm activities directly connected to primary production) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.1203 Tw (activities \(s24GD\);) Tj -18 -25.92 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0009 Tc -0.0318 Tw (grants of rights to third parties on non-exclusive pastoral or agricultural leases) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0 Tc -0.0375 Tw (which permit the taking of timber and the removal of sand, soil and gravel) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0042 Tc 0 Tw (\(s24GE\);) Tj -18 -26.04 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.006 Tc -0.03 Tw (management of water and airspace \(s24HA\);) Tj -18 -26.04 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0041 Tc -0.0199 Tw (acts involving reservations, leases etc \(s24JA\);) Tj -18 -26.04 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0017 Tc -0.0383 Tw (acts involving facilities for services to the public \(s24KA\); and) Tj -18 -26.16 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw (acts that pass the freehold test \(s24MD\).) Tj 177.48 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (32) Tj -231.48 -30.48 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.43) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0156 Tw (In relation to each of these interests, native titleholders have a right to be notified of) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.009 Tc -0.0433 Tw (an activity, and an opportunity to have their comments on the effect of the activity) Tj -18 -15.12 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 182.88 144 0.6 re f BT 90 172.08 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (30) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0227 Tc 0.0073 Tw (L\344nsman v Finland) Tj 77.88 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0325 Tc -0.0825 Tw ( \(671/95\), paragraph 10.7.) Tj -93.6 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (31) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0233 Tc -0.0233 Tw ( Native Title Report, 1998, pp. 56-57.) Tj -8.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (32) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0163 Tc 0.027 Tw ( Under the original NTA an act was ) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0259 Tc (permissible) Tj -2.3376 Tc 2.3676 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0168 Tc 0.0241 Tw (if it was an act that could be done to ordinary title) Tj -8.16 -11.88 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.0168 Tw (\(ie, it passed the freehold test\), related to an offshore place or was a low impact future act: see section) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0173 Tc 0.0194 Tw (235 of the original NTA. Where the proposed act did not fall within these exceptions the act could only) Tj T* 0.0264 Tc 0.0036 Tw (be done by compulsorily acquiring the native title. The compulsory acquisition of native title then) Tj T* 0.0195 Tc 0.0105 Tw (activated the right to negotiate provisions.) Tj ET endstream endobj 51 0 obj 6759 endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 50 0 R >> endobj 53 0 obj << /Length 54 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj -385.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0051 Tc -0.0531 Tw (considered. There is no right to negotiate or right to have an objection heard and decided) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0185 Tc -0.0185 Tw (by an independent body.) Tj 108.12 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (33) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0022 Tc -0.0196 Tw ( That act will be valid regardless of whether native title holders) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -115.08 -12.6 TD 0.0086 Tc -0.0886 Tw (procedural rights are exercised.) Tj 138 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (34) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf ( ) Tj 2.76 0 TD -0 Tc -0.0336 Tw (Native title is not extinguished by these provisions) Tj -147.72 -12.72 TD 0.0061 Tc -0.0661 Tw (although where there is an inconsistency, native title rights cannot be exercised. Where) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0056 Tc -0.0211 Tw (native title rights are impaired just terms compensation is available.) Tj 297.6 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (35) Tj -315.6 -28.32 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.44) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 -2.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0029 Tc -0.0139 Tw (The amended NTA gives the non-Indigenous interests listed above a higher priority) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0033 Tc -0.031 Tw (than native title interests. This higher priority can be demonstrated by looking at those) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.0285 Tw (provisions allowing holders of non-exclusive pastoral or agricultural leases to do future) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0232 Tc -0.0832 Tw (acts at ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0048 Tc -0.0048 Tw (primary production) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.3424 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.011 Tc 0 Tw (levels.) Tj 154.32 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (36) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw ( \221) Tj 0.0011 Tc -0.0011 Tw (Primary production) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.3424 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0069 Tc -0.0869 Tw (is defined to include) Tj -161.28 -12.6 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0319 Tw (agricultural activities \(such as cultivating the land, and maintaining, breeding and agisting) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0205 Tc -0.0805 Tw (animals\), forestry, ) Tj 83.16 0 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.0204 Tw (aquacultural or horticultural activities, the taking or catching of fish or) Tj -83.16 -12.6 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.0059 Tw (shellfish, de-stocking of land or leaving fallow, and ) Tj 229.8 0 TD 0.0012 Tc -0.0012 Tw (farmstay tourism.) Tj 77.52 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (37) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0096 Tc -0.0096 Tw ( Future acts at) Tj -314.28 -12.72 TD 0.0126 Tc -0.0403 Tw (primary production levels are valid regardless of the effect this may have on any) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0017 Tc -0.0154 Tw (continuing native title rights and interests, so long as the future act was authorised by) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0119 Tw (legislation at some time before 31 March 1998.) Tj 208.32 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (38) Tj -226.32 -29.88 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0072 Tc -0.0397 Tw (ICCPR compatibility of the Future Act Provisions) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.45) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0082 Tc -0.0232 Tw (The provisions clearly breach article 26 of the ) Tj 205.44 0 TD 0.0044 Tc -0.0344 Tw (ICCPR as they constitute racial) Tj -223.44 -12.6 TD 0.0056 Tc -0.0296 Tw (discrimination with regard to property rights.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.46) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.016 Tc -0.016 Tw (The ) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0173 Tc -0.1373 Tw (future acts) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.3424 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0147 Tc -0.0147 Tw (and especially the ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0048 Tc -0.0048 Tw (primary production) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.3424 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0065 Tc -0.0335 Tw (provisions constitute such a) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.011 Tc -0.067 Tw (threat to the enjoyment of meaningful native title rights that they breach articles 1 and 27) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0039 Tc -0.0224 Tw (of the ICCPR \(see paragraphs 8-15 above\). Primary production activities are far more) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0055 Tc -0.0484 Tw (intensive uses of the land than pastoral activities such as grazing. They each have the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0013 Tc -0.029 Tw (ability to severely reduce the extent of possible co-existence of pastoral leases with native) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (title. As the ) Tj 56.64 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj 17.04 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0098 Tc -0 Tw ( decision holds that pastoral leases prevail over native title rights in the) Tj -73.68 -12.6 TD 0.01 Tc -0.034 Tw (case of inconsistency, these provisions may have the effect of ) Tj 274.08 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0132 Tc -0.1068 Tw (de facto) Tj 35.16 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.018 Tc 0.018 Tw ( extinguishment in) Tj -309.24 -12.72 TD 0.0062 Tc -0.0702 Tw (the future. Therefore, it is argued that these provisions, unlike the challenged acts in the) Tj 0 -12.6 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0016 Tc 0 Tw (L\344nsman) Tj 40.44 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.0191 Tw ( cases, breach article 27 as they have a severe detrimental impact on native title) Tj -40.44 -12.72 TD 0.0076 Tc -0.0445 Tw (rights. Indeed, the level of interference with native title authorised by these ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0091 Tc 0.0091 Tw (future act) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0 Tc -0.04 Tw (provisions is more akin to the interferences in the ) Tj 220.44 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0211 Tc 0.0211 Tw (Lubicon Lake Band) Tj 86.16 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0031 Tc 0.0031 Tw ( case, which were) Tj -306.6 -12.6 TD 0.0052 Tc -0.0352 Tw (found to breach article 27.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.47) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.016 Tc -0.016 Tw (The ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0103 Tc (upgrade) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0094 Tc -0.0306 Tw (provisions also breach Australia) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0103 Tc -0.0297 Tw (s positive duties to protect native title) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0.0046 Tc -0.0054 Tw (Furthermore, the absolute protection given to the performance of future acts on native) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0175 Tw (title land means that future acts may impact detrimentally on native title rights without) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc -0.0294 Tw (any meaningful right of native-title holders to participate in the decision of whether the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0066 Tc -0.0054 Tw (act will be performed. This breaches Article 1 of ICCPR.) Tj -18 -24.48 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 242.28 144 0.6 re f BT 90 231.48 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (33) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0178 Tc 0.0122 Tw ( On the rights of negotiation and objection,) Tj -8.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (34) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.0299 Tw (Lardil, ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (Kaiadilt) Tj 32.76 0 TD 0.0201 Tc -0.0501 Tw (,Yangkaal and ) Tj 60.36 0 TD 0.0101 Tc -0.0041 Tw (Gangalidda People, v State of ) Tj 122.76 0 TD 0.0151 Tc 0 Tw (Queensland) Tj 47.76 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0211 Tc -0.0151 Tw ( \(1999\) FCA 1633 \(24) Tj -304.32 -11.88 TD 0.037 Tc -0.007 Tw (Nov 99\)) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (35) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0158 Tc 0.0008 Tw ( The non-extinguishment principle applies in this circumstance.) Tj -8.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (36) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0112 Tc 0.0038 Tw ( NTA, Part 2, Subdivision G. ) Tj 124.08 0 TD 0.0277 Tc 0.0023 Tw (For example, NTA, s24GB, s24GD, s24GE.) Tj -132.24 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (37) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0175 Tc 0.0125 Tw ( NTA, s24GA, ) Tj 66.36 0 TD 0.0541 Tc 0 Tw (s24GB\(2\).) Tj -74.52 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (38) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0175 Tc 0.0039 Tw ( Section 24GB. Sub-section 24GB\(4\) of the NTA provides two exceptions to this) Tj 4.3824 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 0.0191 Tc 0.0709 Tw (\(a\) where the) Tj -8.16 -12 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.0352 Tw (lease is for an area in excess of 5000 hectares and the future act would convert the use of the majority) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0192 Tc 0.0241 Tw (of the area from pastoral purposes; and \(b\) where the act would convert the lease into a right of) Tj T* 0.0076 Tc 0.0224 Tw (exclusive possession.) Tj ET endstream endobj 54 0 obj 8540 endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 53 0 R >> endobj 57 0 obj << /Length 58 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj -403.56 682.2 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0151 Tc -0.0238 Tw (Erosion of the Right to Negotiate) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.48) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc -0.0205 Tw (Under the original NTA, people registered as possessing or claiming native title were) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.0083 Tc -0.0883 Tw (entitled to a ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0039 Tc 0.0039 Tw (right to negotiate) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.3424 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0065 Tc -0.0085 Tw (in relation to acts relating to mining \(including both) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.0143 Tw (exploration and production\); and the compulsory acquisition of native title rights for the) Tj 0 -15.72 TD 0.0149 Tc -0.0449 Tw (benefit of a third party.) Tj 101.76 8.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (39) Tj -119.76 -33.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.49) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0214 Tw (The amended NTA substantially alters the right to negotiate provisions. This occurs) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0163 Tw (in two ways. First, the amendments remove the application of the right to negotiate in) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.0259 Tw (relation to the following acts:) Tj -18 -26.04 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0028 Tc -0.0137 Tw (a mining right for the sole purpose of constructing an infrastructure facility\(s26\(1\)\(c\)\() Tj 378 0 TD 0.0528 Tc 0 Tw (i\)\);) Tj -396 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0298 Tw (a mining right at the exploration stage \(s26A\) ;) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.002 Tc -0.0347 Tw (the renewal, re-grant, re-making or extension of a right to mine \(s26D\);) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0072 Tc -0.0441 Tw (the compulsory acquisition of land for an infrastructure facility, for either a public or) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0 Tw (private purpose\(s26\(1\)\(c\)\(iii\)\);) Tj -18 -13.32 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0.0038 Tw (approved gold or tin mining acts \(s26B\);) Tj -18 -13.44 TD /F4 11.04 Tf -5.8786 Tc 0 Tw (\267) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (excluded opal or gem mining \(s26C\);) Tj -18 -25.44 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.50) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0033 Tc -0.0333 Tw (Furthermore, the right to negotiate will not apply in the offshore and inter-tidal) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0152 Tc 0 Tw (zones,) Tj 27.84 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (40) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0025 Tc -0.0325 Tw ( confining the right to negotiate to the landward side of the high water mark of the) Tj -34.8 -12.72 TD 0.0348 Tc 0 Tw (sea.) Tj 16.8 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (41) Tj -34.8 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.51) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0043 Tc -0.0472 Tw (Instead of a right to negotiate in relation to the above, native title claimants or) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0032 Tc -0.0208 Tw (titleholders are now entitled to the lesser procedural rights of a right to be consulted and) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.006 Tc -0.0279 Tw (for any objection to be taken into account by the decision maker.) Tj 285.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (42) Tj -303.36 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.52) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0072 Tc -0.0718 Tw (In addition, the amended NTA allows states and territories to replace the right to) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.009 Tc -0.009 Tw (negotiate completely with ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0169 Tc 0.0169 Tw (alternative provisions) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.3424 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0025 Tc -0.0225 Tw (that provide only a right of consultation) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc -0.0403 Tw (and objection on land that is or was pastoral leasehold land, reserved or dedicated land, or) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0042 Tc -0.0242 Tw (is within a town or city \(s43A\).) Tj -18 -25.44 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0148 Tc 0.018 Tw (Relevance of the ICCPR to the Right to Negotiate) Tj 0 -25.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.53) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.009 Tc -0.0175 Tw (There are a number of reasons why the new regime regarding the right to negotiate) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0077 Tc -0.0544 Tw (breaches the ICCPR. First of all, the right to negotiate with regard to the use of land over) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0039 Tc -0.0506 Tw (which one has native title rights can be seen as a cultural right in itself in which case its) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.0349 Tw (denial amounts to a breach of article 27.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.54) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0033 Tc -0.0533 Tw (The government has maintained that the right to negotiate, as conceived in the) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0.0025 Tc -0.0232 Tw (original NTA, was itself discriminatory as this right was denied to other persons with co-) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0059 Tc -0.0421 Tw (existing land interests such as pastoralists.) Tj 185.76 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (43) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0062 Tc -0.0212 Tw ( In this respect, the government argument is) Tj -210.72 -13.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 195 144 0.6 re f BT 90 184.2 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (39) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.004 Tw ( NTA ) Tj 28.08 0 TD 0.0278 Tc 0 Tw (s.26\(2\).) Tj -36.24 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (40) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD 0.0295 Tc 0 Tw (NTA, section 26\(3\).) Tj -15.72 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (41) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0294 Tc 0 Tw ( G. ) Tj 19.68 0 TD 0.0391 Tc -0.0091 Tw (Triggs, ) Tj -2.2176 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0296 Tc (Australia) Tj -2.3376 Tc (\222) Tj 0.0315 Tc 0.0094 Tw (s Indigenous Peoples and International Law: Validity of the Native Title) Tj -27.84 -12 TD 0.0217 Tc 0.0483 Tw (Amendment Act 1998 \() Tj 94.8 0 TD -0.0222 Tc 0 Tw (Cth\)) Tj -2.3376 Tc 2.3676 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0483 Tc -0.0183 Tw (\(1999\) 23 ) Tj 65.28 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0031 Tc 0.0269 Tw (Melbourne University Law Review) Tj 138.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0375 Tc -0.0075 Tw ( 372, 406.) Tj -299.04 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (42) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0176 Tc 0.0124 Tw ( There is no such right in relation to excluded opal and gem mining \(s26C\)) Tj 301.2 0 TD 0.0281 Tc 0.0019 Tw (; or primary production) Tj -309.36 -12 TD 0.0173 Tc 0.0299 Tw (activities on non-exclusive agricultural or pastoral leases \(s24GC\).) Tj 0 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (43) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0212 Tc 0 Tw (Ibid) Tj 16.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.025 Tc -0.055 Tw (, p. 94.) Tj ET endstream endobj 58 0 obj 7426 endobj 55 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 57 0 R >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Length 61 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj -385.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0092 Tc -0.0692 Tw (flawed as it adopts a narrow ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0144 Tc (formal) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0041 Tc 0.0041 Tw (interpretation of equality as opposed to a more) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0173 Tc -0.0773 Tw (dynamic, meaningful ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0218 Tc (substantive) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0009 Tc 0.0009 Tw (interpretation. Formal equality means that all are) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0068 Tc -0.0287 Tw (treated equally. Substantive equality takes into account that people are relevantly) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0061 Tc -0.0261 Tw (different, and may therefore need different treatment in order to attain true equality.) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0081 Tc -0.0381 Tw (Judge Tanaka in the ) Tj 91.08 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0121 Tc 0.0121 Tw (South West Africa) Tj 79.56 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.76 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0272 Tc (Case) Tj 21.96 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.004 Tc -0.034 Tw ( put the argument eloquently:) Tj -177.36 -25.32 TD 0.0066 Tc -0.0343 Tw (The principle of equality before the law does not mean the absolute equality, namely) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0427 Tw (the equal treatment of men without regard to individual, concrete circumstances, but) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0084 Tc -0.0256 Tw (it means the relative equality, namely the principle to treat equally what are equal and) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0196 Tc -0.0596 Tw (unequally what are unequal) Tj 121.44 0 TD -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 4.8576 Tc (\205) Tj 0.0063 Tc -0.0406 Tw (To treat unequal matters differently according to their) Tj -121.44 -12.6 TD 0.0114 Tc -0.0714 Tw (inequality is not only permitted but required.) Tj 197.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (44) Tj -233.04 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.55) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0104 Tc 0.0104 Tw (The Human Rights Committee has confirmed that reasonable and objective) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0.004 Tc 0.004 Tw (differences are permissible under article 26 ICCPR. Native ) Tj 265.2 0 TD -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw (title holders ) Tj 55.08 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0365 Tc 0 Tw (are) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0202 Tc -0.0202 Tw ( relevantly) Tj -334.92 -12.6 TD 0.0038 Tc -0.0263 Tw (different to other persons vested with interests in land. Firstly, it has taken over 200 years) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0151 Tw (for native title rights and interests to be recognised by the common law. To treat native) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.0226 Tw (title on the basis of formal equality would ignore the impact of the dispossession of) Tj T* 0.0076 Tc -0.0476 Tw (Indigenous people in the first 200 years of white settlement.) Tj 264 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (45) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0083 Tc -0.0083 Tw ( Secondly, native ) Tj 81.6 0 TD -0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (title) Tj -352.56 -12.72 TD 0.0152 Tc -0.0495 Tw (holders are already, in terms of the ) Tj 155.88 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj 17.04 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0047 Tc -0.0193 Tw ( judgment, disadvantaged in comparison with) Tj -172.92 -12.6 TD -0 Tc -0.0182 Tw (pastoral leaseholders as the rights of the latter prevail in the case of inconsistency.) Tj 361.08 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (46) Tj -361.08 -17.76 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0427 Tw (Given the vulnerability of native title rights at common law, it is fitting and consistent) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0108 Tc -0.0451 Tw (with the internationally recognised rights to enjoy one) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0055 Tc -0.0295 Tw (s culture and not be arbitrarily) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc -0.0096 Tw (deprived of property that native title should be provided particular protection.) Tj 341.28 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.049 Tc -0.109 Tw ( These) Tj -348.24 -12.72 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0503 Tw (arguments indicate that the distinctive rights conferred on indigenous persons are) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (objective.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.56) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.0039 Tw (The HRC has confirmed that different rights for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.0046 Tw (are permissible under the ICCPR at paragraph 10 of General Comment 18:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD -0.0051 Tc 2.2051 Tw (The Committee also wishes to point out that the principle of equality sometimes) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0078 Tc 1.9778 Tw (requires States parties to take affirmative action in order to diminish or eliminate) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0035 Tc 3.8915 Tw (conditions which cause or help to perpetuate discrimination prohibited by the) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 0.0111 Tw (Covenant. For example, in a State where the general conditions of a certain part of the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.9854 Tw (population prevent or impair their enjoyment of human rights, the State should take) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc 1.255 Tw (specific action to correct those conditions. Such action may involve granting for a) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0042 Tc 0.6058 Tw (time to the part of the population concerned certain preferential treatment in specific) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.4465 Tw (matters as compared with the rest of the population. However, as long as such action) Tj T* 0.0031 Tc 1.5846 Tw (is needed to correct discrimination in fact, it is a case of legitimate differentiation) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.004 Tc -0.064 Tw (under the Covenant.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.57) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0014 Tc -0.0314 Tw (The categorical justification for the withdrawal of special measures is that they have) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.004 Tc -0.064 Tw (done their job) Tj 61.08 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (48) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0032 Tc -0.0118 Tw (. Indigenous peoples are still disadvantaged in most socio-economic) Tj -68.04 -12.72 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.0476 Tw (spheres within Australia. If the right to negotiate must be classified as a ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0027 Tc (special) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0096 Tc (measure) Tj -2.4624 Tc (\222) Tj 0.0077 Tc -0.0677 Tw (, it has certainly not exhausted its purpose. There is no evidence that Indigenous) Tj T* -0.0017 Tc -0.0283 Tw (people no longer suffer the effect of past discrimination on pastoral leasehold land.) Tj 365.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (49) Tj -383.04 -18.48 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 192.48 144 0.6 re f BT 90 181.68 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (44) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0084 Tc 0.0456 Tw (South West Africa Case \(Second Phase\)) Tj 159.48 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0217 Tc 0.0083 Tw ( [1996] ICJ Rep 6, pp303-304, p305.) Tj -172.68 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (45) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0212 Tc -0.0083 Tw ( Native Title Report 1998, p.34) Tj -8.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (46) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Wik) Tj 15.36 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tc (, ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0474 Tc -0.0174 Tw (Toohey J at 126.) Tj -36.12 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0186 Tc -0.0036 Tw ( Native Title Report 1998, p. 105.) Tj -8.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (48) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD 0.0182 Tc -0.0122 Tw (Native Title Report 1998, p 114.) Tj -15.72 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (49) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0212 Tc 0 Tw (Ibid) Tj ET endstream endobj 61 0 obj 7864 endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 60 0 R >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Length 64 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj -403.56 694.44 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.58) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.0197 Tw (Paragraph 10 of General Comment 18 indicates that special measures are not only) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0013 Tc -0.0387 Tw (permissible under the ) Tj 97.56 0 TD -0.047 Tc 0 Tw (ICCPR) Tj -2.4624 Tc (\222) Tj 0.0022 Tc -0.0422 Tw (s non-discrimination provisions, but that they are) Tj -97.56 -12.72 TD 0.0196 Tc -0.0196 Tw (occasionally mandatory.) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.59) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0055 Tc -0.0175 Tw (In any case, differential treatment of minorities, including Indigenous peoples, is) Tj -18 -12.6 TD 0.003 Tc -0.043 Tw (mandatory under article 27. The HRC has stated in General Comment 23:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD -0.048 Tc 0.048 Tw (\266 ) Tj 7.68 0 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0184 Tc 0 Tw (6.1) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0012 Tc -0.0388 Tw (. Although article 27 is expressed in negative terms, that article, nevertheless,) Tj -21.48 -12.72 TD 0.0034 Tc -0.0434 Tw (does recognise the existence of a ) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.001 Tc (right) Tj -2.4624 Tc 2.4624 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0041 Tc -0.0302 Tw (and requires that it shall not be denied.) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0061 Tc -0.049 Tw (Consequently, a State party is under an obligation to ensure that the existence and the) Tj T* -0.006 Tc -0.0125 Tw (exercise of this right are protected against their denial or violation. Positive measures) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0086 Tc -0.0429 Tw (of protection are, therefore, required not only against the acts of the State party itself,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0035 Tc -0.0445 Tw (whether through its legislative, judicial or administrative authorities, but also against) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.015 Tw (the acts of other persons within the State party.) Tj 0 -25.32 TD -0.048 Tc 0.048 Tw (\266 ) Tj 7.68 0 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0184 Tc 0 Tw (6.2) Tj 13.8 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0031 Tc -0.0331 Tw (. Although the rights protected under article 27 are individual rights, they) Tj -21.48 -12.6 TD 0.0062 Tc -0.0382 Tw (depend in turn on the ability of the minority group to maintain its culture, language or) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0123 Tc -0.0123 Tw (religion. Accordingly, positive measures by States may also be necessary to protect) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0083 Tc -0.0403 Tw (the identity of a minority and the rights of its members to enjoy and develop their) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0074 Tc -0.0574 Tw (culture and language and to practise their religion, in community with the other) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.007 Tc -0.001 Tw (members of the group. In this connection, it has to be observed that such positive) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0062 Tc -0.0109 Tw (measures must respect the provisions of articles 2\(1\) and 26 of the Covenant both as) Tj T* 0.0009 Tc -0.0369 Tw (regards the treatment between different minorities and the treatment between the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0037 Tc -0.0148 Tw (persons belonging to them and the remaining part of the population. However, as) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0 Tc -0.0271 Tw (long as those measures are aimed at correcting conditions which prevent or impair the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0109 Tc -0.0309 Tw (enjoyment of the rights guaranteed under article 27, they may constitute a legitimate) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.001 Tc -0.0228 Tw (differentiation under the Covenant, provided that they are based on reasonable and) Tj T* -0.0011 Tc 0.0011 Tw (objective criteria.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.60) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0037 Tc -0.038 Tw (The preservation of the right to negotiate is essential to preserve the sanctity of native) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.004 Tc -0.044 Tw (title itself, which is undoubtedly a cultural right. Therefore, the right to negotiate is a) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.0096 Tw (positive ) Tj 37.68 0 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.0073 Tw (measure which must be taken to ensure the preservation of Indigenous cultural) Tj -37.68 -12.6 TD -0.0025 Tc -0.0175 Tw (rights in accordance with General Comment 23.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.61) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0067 Tc 0.0067 Tw (Finally, diminution of the right to negotiate diminishes article 1 rights of self-) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0069 Tc -0.053 Tw (determination, as interpreted by UN treaty bodies. The diminution of the right to) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc -0.0441 Tw (negotiate rolls back opportunities for Indigenous peoples to participate in the management) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 0.0018 Tw (of their land and resources.) Tj 119.4 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj -137.4 -30.6 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0.0132 Tw (Failure to incorporate the principles of equality into the amended Native Title Act) Tj 0 -25.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.62) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0094 Tc 0.0094 Tw (The RDA embodies Australia) Tj -2.5824 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0105 Tc -0.0295 Tw (s domestic implementation of its obligations under) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0394 Tc 0 Tw (CERD.) Tj 32.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (51) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.0039 Tw ( Australia also has an obligation under ICCPR to ensure equality on the basis of) Tj -39 -12.72 TD -0.0032 Tc -0.0226 Tw (race. The RDA makes discrimination on the basis of race, colour, descent or national or) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0016 Tc -0.0445 Tw (ethnic origin unlawful. It is designed to protect the rights of all Australians. The RDA) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0031 Tc -0.0374 Tw (binds both state and federal governments. For example, it would be illegal to deny access) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.025 Tw (to a federal or state government service on the basis of race.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.63) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.007 Tc -0.017 Tw (Under section 109 of the Australian Constitution, federal legislation overrides state) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0087 Tc -0.0098 Tw (legislation to the extent that the state law is inconsistent with the federal law.) Tj -18 -14.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 128.64 144 0.6 re f BT 90 117.84 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (50) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0212 Tc 0 Tw (Ibid) Tj 16.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.025 Tc -0.055 Tw (, p. 62.) Tj -31.92 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (51) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 27.84 0 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.0118 Tw (The preamble to the ) Tj 82.68 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0137 Tc 0.0163 Tw (Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ) Tj 130.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.054 Tc (Cth) Tj 14.28 0 TD 0.0079 Tc 0.0371 Tw (\) states that the purpose of the Act is) Tj -231.12 -12 TD -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0185 Tc 0.0415 Tw (to make provision for giving effect to the Convention) Tj -2.3376 Tc 2.3676 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.028 Tc 0.002 Tw (\(ie CERD\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj 7230 endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 63 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Length 67 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj -385.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0138 Tc -0.0356 Tw (Accordingly, the RDA generally operates to nullify state legislation that is racially) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0112 Tc 0 Tw (discriminatory.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.64) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0053 Tc -0.0053 Tw (However, the principle of parliamentary sovereignty enables the Federal Parliament) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0029 Tc -0.034 Tw (to pass legislation that overrides previous legislation. Parliament is not bound by its own) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.001 Tc -0.057 Tw (prior legislation. The NTA is federal legislation subsequent to the RDA and thus, to the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.006 Tc -0.036 Tw (extent of any inconsistency, overrides the RDA. As federal legislation, the NTA can) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0022 Tc -0.0022 Tw (relieve states of the constraints normally imposed by the RDA by authorising states to) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0129 Tc -0.0579 Tw (pass legislation or carry out acts that are discriminatory.) Tj -18 -25.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.65) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0083 Tc -0.034 Tw (One way of ensuring that the principles of equality are incorporated into the NTA is) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0.0067 Tc -0.0307 Tw (to expressly provide that the ) Tj 127.56 0 TD 0.001 Tc -0.025 Tw (NTA is bound by the RDA.) Tj 121.56 0 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0331 Tw ( ) Tj 2.76 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0096 Tc -0.0144 Tw (Section 7 was inserted into the) Tj -251.88 -12.6 TD -0.007 Tc -0.0016 Tw (original NTA to give some guarantee that its provisions would not override the RDA and) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0114 Tc -0.0019 Tw (would conform with the principle of non-discrimination. Section 7 provides:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0144 Tc 0.0187 Tw (\(1\) ) Tj 15.72 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0059 Tc -0.0091 Tw (Nothing in this Act affects the operation of the) Tj 205.32 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0316 Tc 0.0316 Tw ( Racial Discrimination Act 1975) Tj 142.92 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj -363.96 -25.2 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0144 Tc 0.0187 Tw (\(2\) ) Tj 15.72 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0058 Tc 0.0058 Tw (Subsection \(1\) does not affect the validation of past acts by or in accordance with) Tj -15.72 -12.72 TD 0.0018 Tc -0.0018 Tw (this Act.) Tj -36 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.66) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 9 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0288 Tc -0.0288 Tw (In ) Tj 11.88 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0089 Tc -0.0311 Tw (Western Australia v Commonwealth) Tj 159.36 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0032 Tc -0.0368 Tw ( the High Court concluded that section 7 was in) Tj -181.56 -12.6 TD 0.0019 Tc -0.0388 Tw (fact ineffective to provide general RDA protection in the face of the specific, subsequent) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.0116 Tw (provisions of the NTA.) Tj -18 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.67) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 9 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0016 Tc -0.0224 Tw (The recent amendments to the NTA) Tj 157.92 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (52) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0011 Tc -0.0161 Tw ( provided an opportunity to redraft section 7 in) Tj -175.2 -12.72 TD 0.0051 Tc -0.0371 Tw (order to effectively apply the RDA to the provisions of the NTA. The section could have) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0037 Tc -0.0363 Tw (made it unequivocal that the provisions of the NTA are subject to the provisions of the) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc -0.0056 Tw (RDA. As amended, section 7 does not ensure the protection of native title by the general) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0 Tc -0.0325 Tw (standards of equality and non-discrimination enshrined in the RDA. The exercise of) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0105 Tc -0.0475 Tw (powers and functions by the state unambiguously authorised by the NTA are freed from) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.0121 Tw (the constraints of the RDA.) Tj -18 -25.44 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.0131 Tw (Lack of Consultation and Informed consent for the Amendments) Tj 0 -25.08 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.68) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0015 Tc -0.0272 Tw (The process by which the NTA amendments of 1998 were enacted did not involve the) Tj -18 -12.72 TD 0 Tc -0.0244 Tw (informed consent of Indigenous people or their representatives. The amendments were) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0118 Tc -0.0395 Tw (not acceptable to the Indigenous people whose rights are directly affected by them. This) Tj T* 0.0096 Tc -0.0188 Tw (was made quite clear by the National Indigenous Working Group the day before the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0016 Tc -0.0134 Tw (legislation passed through Federal Parliament on 8 July 1998:) Tj 271.92 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (53) Tj -253.92 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 4.8576 Tc (\205) Tj -0.003 Tc -0.037 Tw (We confirm that we have not been consulted in relation to the contents of the Bill,) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0076 Tc -0.0512 Tw (particularly in regard to the agreement negotiated between the Prime Minister and) Tj T* 0.0069 Tc -0.0069 Tw (Senator ) Tj 36.48 0 TD -0.0021 Tc 0 Tw (Harradine) Tj 43.92 0 TD -0 Tc -0.0165 Tw (, and that we have not given consent to the Bill in any form which) Tj -80.4 -12.72 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.0204 Tw (might be construed as sanction to its passage into Australian law.) Tj 0 -25.32 TD 0.005 Tc -0.045 Tw (We have endeavoured to contribute during the past two years to the public) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0078 Tc -0.0265 Tw (deliberations of Native Title entitlements in Australian law.) Tj 0 -25.32 TD 0 Tc -0 Tw (Our participation has not been given the legitimacy by the Australian Government) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0084 Tc -0.0361 Tw (that we expected, and we remain disadvantaged and aggrieved by the failure of the) Tj -36 -14.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 128.64 144 0.6 re f BT 90 117.84 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (52) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 27.24 0 TD 0.0216 Tc 0.0244 Tw (The amendments were passed on 8 July 1998 and most came into effect from 30 September) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.054 Tc 0 Tw (1998.) Tj -35.4 -13.8 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (53) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD 0.0234 Tc 0.0066 Tw (Hansard, Senate, 7 July 1998, pp4352-54. ) Tj 169.92 0 TD 0.0215 Tc 0.0085 Tw (pp 4352-54) Tj ET endstream endobj 67 0 obj 6455 endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 66 0 R >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Length 70 0 R >> stream BT 493.56 52.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (17) Tj -367.56 707.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.002 Tc -0.034 Tw (Australian Government to properly integrate our expert counsel into the lawmaking) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.0017 Tw (procedures of government) Tj 4.8576 Tc 0 Tw (\205) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 129.24 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (54) Tj -165.24 -30.6 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.69) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0043 Tc -0.0443 Tw (The failure to consult constitutes a breach of article 27 of the ICCPR. In particular,) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.0177 Tw (General Comment 23 states, at paragraph 7:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD 0.0036 Tc 0.8364 Tw (The enjoyment of [cultural] rights may require positive legal measures of protection) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0 Tc 5.3637 Tw (and measures to ensure the effective participation of members of minority) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0037 Tc -0.0563 Tw (communities in ) Tj 71.04 0 TD -0.0127 Tc -0.0273 Tw (decisions which affect them.) Tj -107.04 -25.32 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.70) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0062 Tc -0.0616 Tw (CERD has talked in stronger terms of the specific rights of Indigenous peoples to) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0061 Tc -0.0072 Tw (participate in decisions affecting them in their General Recommendation 23:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD -0.0037 Tc 1.6065 Tw (\266 4 \(d\) ensure that members of indigenous peoples have equal rights in respect of) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.002 Tc 1.542 Tw (effective participation in public life, and that no decisions directly relating to their) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.0024 Tc -0.0624 Tw (rights and interests are taken without their informed consent) Tj 264.72 0 TD 0.0288 Tc 0 Tw (;) Tj -300.72 -25.32 TD 0 Tc (1.71) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0024 Tc -0.0176 Tw (The need for meaningful participation in the amendment process was cited as a) Tj -18 -12.6 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.0156 Tw (breach of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.0071 Tw (Discrimination by CERD at paragraph 9 in its 1999 Decision on Australia:) Tj 18 -25.32 TD -0.0015 Tc 1.0051 Tw (The lack of effective participation by indigenous communities in the formulation of) Tj 0 -12.72 TD 0.002 Tc 1.93 Tw (the amendments also raises concerns with respect to the State Party) Tj -2.4624 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0118 Tc 2.0518 Tw (s compliance) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.5687 Tw (with its obligations under Article 5\(c\) of the Convention. Calling upon States Parties) Tj T* 0.0144 Tc 1.3056 Tw (to ) Tj -1.3824 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0.0019 Tc 1.2854 Tw (recognise and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.3275 Tw (and use their common lands, territories and resources,) Tj -1.2624 Tc 1.6224 Tw (\224 ) Tj -0.0077 Tc 0.3677 Tw (the Committee, in its General) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0104 Tc 3.4696 Tw (Recommendation XXIII, stressed the importance of ensuring ) Tj -1.2624 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj -0.01 Tc 3.61 Tw (that members of) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0019 Tc 1.6819 Tw (indigenous peoples have equal rights in respect of effective participation in public) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0026 Tc 2.3697 Tw (life, and that no decisions directly relating to their rights and interests are taken) Tj T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0347 Tw (without their informed consent) Tj -1.2624 Tc 0 Tw (\224) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 143.64 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (55) Tj -179.64 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.72) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.002 Tc -0.038 Tw (CERD found that the consultation process did not comply with article 5\(c\) ICERD,) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0.0078 Tc -0.025 Tw (which prohibits racial discrimination in relation to the right of political participation.) Tj 0 -12.6 TD -0.002 Tc -0.0525 Tw (This indicates that the same consultation process breaches article 25 ICCPR in) Tj T* -0.0034 Tc -0.0319 Tw (conjunction with article 2\(1\) and 26. The HRC is urged to adopt the CERD view of the) Tj 0 -12.72 TD -0.0017 Tc -0.0352 Tw (requirements of the rights of political participation, rather than its own narrow view of) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0127 Tc -0.0527 Tw (article 25 in ) Tj 55.32 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.0206 Tc 0.0206 Tw (Mikmaq Peoples v Canada) Tj 118.92 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0064 Tc 0.0064 Tw ( \(205/86\).) Tj 43.32 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (56) Tj -235.56 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf (1.73) Tj 19.32 0 TD /F5 11.04 Tf 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 16.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0051 Tc -0.0451 Tw (The requirement of internal self-determination under article 1 is also breached by the) Tj -18 -12.72 TD -0.0023 Tc 0.0023 Tw (failure of the Australian government to adequately consult and accommodate the wishes) Tj 0 -12.6 TD 0.0015 Tc -0.0165 Tw (of Indigenous peoples with regard to the NTA amendments.) Tj -18 -96.24 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 90 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90 159.96 144 0.6 re f BT 90 149.16 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (54) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.03 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0105 Tc 0 Tw (ibid,) Tj 18.12 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.066 Tw ( p 4352) Tj -33.84 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (55) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0288 Tc -0.0159 Tw ( CERD, Decision \(2\) 54, paragraph 9.) Tj -8.16 -14.28 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (56) Tj 8.16 -5.52 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0325 Tc -0.0025 Tw ( See generally on the ) Tj 93.84 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0152 Tc 0 Tw (Mikmaq) Tj 32.76 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0135 Tc 0.0165 Tw ( decision, M. ) Tj 54.72 0 TD 0.0252 Tc 0.0048 Tw (Turpel, ) Tj -2.3376 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0213 Tc 0.0087 Tw (Indigenous Peoples and Rights of Political) Tj -189.48 -12 TD 0.0228 Tc 0.0312 Tw (Participation and Self-Determination: Recent International Legal Developments and the Continuing) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0217 Tc 0.0683 Tw (Struggle for Recognition) Tj -2.3376 Tc 2.3676 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0.0483 Tc -0.0183 Tw (\(1992\) 25 ) Tj 147 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0063 Tc 0.0237 Tw (Cornell International Law Journal) Tj 139.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.02 Tc 0.01 Tw ( 579) Tj ET endstream endobj 70 0 obj 6297 endobj 68 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 69 0 R >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype 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