%PDF-1.2 % 14 0 obj << /Length 15 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj -409.32 -38.16 TD /F1 14.04 Tf -0.0322 Tc 4.4892 Tw (Submission of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social) Tj 0 -16.8 TD -0.0305 Tc 4.3525 Tw (Justice Commissioner to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on) Tj 0 -16.92 TD -0.0343 Tc 2.9563 Tw (Native Title and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land) Tj T* 0.0072 Tc 0 Tw (Fund) Tj 0 -114.96 TD /F0 14.04 Tf -0.0079 Tc -0.0041 Tw (Inquiry into:) Tj 0 -32.88 TD 0.052 Tc 0 Tw (\(a\)) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F2 14.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 4.68 0 TD /F0 14.04 Tf -0.0151 Tc 0.8649 Tw ( whether the finding of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial) Tj 0 -16.44 TD -0.0229 Tc 0.0309 Tw (Discrimination \(CERD Committee\) that the ) Tj 258.24 0 TD /F3 14.04 Tf -0.043 Tc 0.105 Tw (Native Title Amendment) Tj -258.24 -16.44 TD -0.0475 Tc 8.0895 Tw (Act 1998) Tj 59.04 0 TD /F0 14.04 Tf -0.0214 Tc 8.2294 Tw ( is inconsistent with Australia) Tj -7.8156 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0135 Tc 8.2215 Tw (s international legal) Tj -59.04 -16.44 TD -0.0101 Tc 2.0648 Tw (obligations, in particular the Convention on the Elimination of all) Tj 0 -16.44 TD -0.0106 Tc 3.4386 Tw (Forms of Racial Discrimination, is sustainable on the weight of) Tj T* -0.004 Tc -0.128 Tw (informed opinion;) Tj -20.28 -32.88 TD 0.0512 Tc 0 Tw (\(b\)) Tj 16.44 0 TD /F2 14.04 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD /F0 14.04 Tf -0.005 Tc 2.369 Tw (what amendments are required to the Act, and what processes of) Tj 0 -16.44 TD -0.0167 Tc 3.3197 Tw (consultation must be followed in effecting those amendments, to) Tj T* -0.0081 Tc 1.7961 Tw (ensure that Australia) Tj -7.8156 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0181 Tc 1.9021 Tw (s international obligations are complied with;) Tj T* 0.0273 Tc 0 Tw (and;) Tj -20.28 -33.24 TD 0.052 Tc -0.064 Tw (\(c\) ) Tj 19.8 0 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.0981 Tw (whether dialogue with the CERD Committee on the Act would assist) Tj 1.56 -16.44 TD -0.0172 Tc 2.1052 Tw (in establishing a better informed basis for amendment to the Act.) Tj ET endstream endobj 15 0 obj 2109 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 14 0 R >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Length 18 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -409.32 -67.2 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0135 Tc 0.0255 Tw (\(a\) The findings of the CERD Committee) Tj 0 -28.92 TD 0.002 Tc 0 Tw (Introduction) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0062 Tc 4.1262 Tw (The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination \(the CERD) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.002 Tc 5.442 Tw (Committee\), acting on its early warning and urgent action procedure,) Tj T* 0 Tc 1.68 Tw (considered the amended) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 126 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.024 Tc 1.716 Tw (Native Title Act) Tj 79.92 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.048 Tc (1993) Tj 24 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 1.8 Tw ( \() Tj 9.36 0 TD -0.0057 Tc 1.8057 Tw (Cth\) \(NTA\) in March 1999.) Tj -244.56 -14.16 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.1134 Tw (Australia provided both written and oral submissions to the Committee arguing) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0039 Tc 3.0239 Tw (that the Act did not breach Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 3.12 Tw (s obligations under the International) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0041 Tc 5.2975 Tw (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0037 Tc 2.2462 Tw (\(CERD\). Representatives of the Australian government appeared before the) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc 3.8624 Tw (CERD Committee in Geneva on 12 and 15 March 1999 to present the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Government) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0053 Tc 5.032 Tw (s position. On 18 March 1999, the Committee found that) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.89 Tw (significant amendments to the NTA were contrary to Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 1.92 Tw (s obligations) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0019 Tc 0.9769 Tw (under CERD. Having considered these amendments the Committee expressed) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0021 Tc 2.7252 Tw (concern that the amended NTA, taken as a whole, was incompatible with) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0042 Tc 1.9909 Tw (s international obligations. The Committee also found that, on the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 4.3333 Tw (basis that the amendments were enacted without obtaining the informed) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 1.1345 Tw (consent of Indigenous people, Article 5 of CERD was also contravened. The) Tj T* 1.8 Tw (March findings were) Tj 105.72 0 TD /F3 11.04 Tf -0.061 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.005 Tc 1.795 Tw (reaffirmed at the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 1.89 Tw (s fifty-fifth session on 16) Tj -110.76 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (August 1999.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.01 Tc 1.41 Tw (The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission made submissions to) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0043 Tc 1.6543 Tw (the CERD Committee in March 1999 and August 1999 copies of which are) Tj T* 0.002 Tc 3.154 Tw (annexed hereto and marked A and B respectively. These submissions are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.008 Tc 4.958 Tw (consistent with the CERD Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 5.04 Tw (s findings, expressed above. The) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.8035 Tw (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social justice Commissioner advised the) Tj T* -0.0063 Tc 1.3263 Tw (government in his 1997) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 124.68 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0282 Tc 1.3602 Tw (Native Title Report) Tj 95.76 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 1.392 Tw ( that the amended NTA breached) Tj -220.44 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0055 Tc 0.2455 Tw (s obligations under CERD.) Tj 182.28 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.2571 Tw ( He also criticised the amendments to the) Tj -185.76 -14.04 TD -0.0056 Tc 1.9016 Tw (right to negotiate as a violation of CERD in the 1996) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 285.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0287 Tc 2.0807 Tw (Native Title Report.) Tj 101.04 5.04 TD /F3 6.96 Tf -0.0278 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -386.4 -19.2 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.008 Tc 2.168 Tw (Thus, in relation to the first term of this Inquiry as to whether the CERD) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.7 Tw (decision is sustainable on the weight of informed opinion, my position clearly) Tj T* -0.0035 Tc 0.0435 Tw (is that the CERD decision is sustainable. Before dealing with the decision itself) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0039 Tc 1.9959 Tw (and the basis of that decision it is helpful to set out the background to the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (decision and the committee that made it.) Tj 0 -28.44 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0099 Tc 4.7979 Tw (Background; the CERD Committee and its decision to adopt the ) Tj -6.696 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0432 Tc (early) Tj 0 -14.52 TD -0.0017 Tc (warning) Tj -6.696 Tc 6.708 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0143 Tc 0.0263 Tw (procedure in relation to the amendments to the NTA) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0072 Tc 0.749 Tw (The CERD Committee was the first human rights committee established within the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.1834 Tw (United Nations structure. It consists of ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0032 Tc 0.2432 Tw (eighteen experts of high moral standing and) Tj T* 0.0048 Tc -0.0048 Tw (acknowledged impartiality.) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 137.28 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (3) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0267 Tw ( Members are nominated by States Parties to the CERD) Tj -140.76 -26.4 TD 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 124.56 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 113.88 TD /F0 6 Tf (1) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 33 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0083 Tc 0.0302 Tw (Native Title Report,) Tj 80.88 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0209 Tc -0.0488 Tw ( July 1996 ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 3.8364 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0209 Tc -0.0489 Tw (June 1997, Chapter 5) Tj -116.88 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 33 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0083 Tc 0.0302 Tw (Native Title Report,) Tj 80.88 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0209 Tc -0.0488 Tw ( July 1995 ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 3.8364 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0122 Tc -0 Tw (June 1996, p18) Tj -116.88 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0233 Tc 0.4687 Tw (International Con) Tj 71.88 0 TD 0.0121 Tc 0.5879 Tw (vention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination \(Herein) Tj -71.88 -11.76 TD 0.0282 Tc -0.0162 Tw (CERD\), Article 8\(1\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 18 0 obj 6239 endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 17 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Length 21 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -409.32 -35.88 TD -0.0133 Tc (Committee) Tj 53.52 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (4) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0021 Tc 3.0939 Tw ( and elected through a secret ballot. To ensure their independence,) Tj -57 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.3415 Tw (members serve in a personal capacity and cannot be dismissed during their term. In) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.7634 Tw (order to ensure that the Committee is representative, membership is intended to be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 8.67 Tw (equitably distributed according to ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 8.73 Tw (geographical distribution and to the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.7846 Tw (representation of the different forms of civilisation as well as of the principle legal) Tj T* 0 Tw (systems.) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 45.96 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (5) Tj -45.96 -33.24 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0041 Tc 4.5423 Tw (The CERD Committee monitors and reviews the actions of States who are) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.3357 Tw (signatories to the CERD to ensure that they comply with their obligations under the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Convention.) Tj 60.24 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (6) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0023 Tc 4.309 Tw ( The Committee introduced the early warning and urgent action) Tj -63.72 -14.04 TD -0.0039 Tc 4.4658 Tw (procedure in 1993 to improve mechanisms by which it could scrutinise the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.002 Tc 6.398 Tw (compliance of States Parties with the Convention, and to ensure greater) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw (accountability of States Parties.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.8682 Tw (The need for such mechanisms was identified by the then Secretary-General of the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.0051 Tw (United Nations, and the Security Council in 1992. The Security Council observed in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.534 Tw (1992 that international peace and security is not assured solely by the absence of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 2.4563 Tw (military conflicts among States. It is also influenced by non-military sources of) Tj T* 0 Tc 5.01 Tw (instability in the economic, social, humanitarian and ecological fields.) Tj 384.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (7) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 5.04 Tw ( The) Tj -387.84 -14.16 TD 0.0018 Tc 3.4564 Tw (Secretary-General noted that the stability of States would be enhanced by the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0087 Tc 1.7887 Tw (commitment to human rights standards, with a special sensitivity to the rights of) Tj T* 0 Tc 1.0145 Tw (minorities, and by increasing the effectiveness of the United Nations human rights) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (system.) Tj 37.32 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (8) Tj -37.32 -33.24 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0018 Tc 1.6818 Tw (On 11 August 1998, acting under its early warning and urgent action procedure) Tj 411.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj -411.36 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.5707 Tw (the CERD Committee requested Australia to provide it with information relating to) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.24 Tw (the amendments to the ) Tj 114.96 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0427 Tc 0.3247 Tw (Native Title Act 1993 ) Tj 108.96 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.36 Tw (Cth\) \(NTA\), any changes of policy in) Tj -227.88 -14.16 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.4834 Tw (relation to Aboriginal land rights, and the functions of the Aboriginal and Torres) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.006 Tc 2.196 Tw (Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner.) Tj 225.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 3.48 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 2.28 Tw ( The request was as a result of the) Tj -228.84 -14.04 TD 1.4836 Tw (concern of members of the Committee that the situation in Australia ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 1.56 Tw (was clearly) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (deteriorating) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 66.24 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (10) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 3.84 Tw ( since Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0062 Tc 3.8938 Tw (s previous appearance before the Committee in) Tj -73.2 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1994.) Tj 0 -35.88 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 288.84 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 278.16 TD /F0 6 Tf (4) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0153 Tc 0.9327 Tw (The terminology of CERD refers to States Parties, or States. States in this sense refers to) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0142 Tc 0.3418 Tw (nation states, ie the nation state of Australia, and not to internal states and territories within) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0268 Tw (a nation.) Tj -35.4 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.0256 Tc -0.0136 Tw (CERD, Article 8\(1\).) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0194 Tc 0.3926 Tw (The convention entered into force in Australia on 30 October 1975. For an overview of the) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0132 Tc 0 Tw (Committee) Tj -5.5044 Tc (\222) Tj 0.0186 Tc 0.9774 Tw (s functions and procedures see United Nations High Commissioner for Human) Tj T* 0.0026 Tc 0.0094 Tw (Rights, ) Tj 34.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0082 Tc 2.2502 Tw (Fact Sheet No.12: The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) Tj 342 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj -376.56 -11.76 TD 0.0296 Tc () Tj -35.4 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc (7) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0137 Tc 0.0629 Tw (Security Council Summit, 31 January 1992, cited in Committee on the Elimination of Racial) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.013 Tc -0.001 Tw (Discrimination, ) Tj 73.2 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0151 Tc 6.397 Tw (Annual Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial) Tj -73.2 -11.76 TD 0.0088 Tc 0 Tw (Discrimination) Tj 60.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0092 Tc 0.0212 Tw (, UN ) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0362 Tc -0.0442 Tw (Doc A/48/18 \(1993\), Annex 3, para 1.) Tj -120 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0234 Tc 3.4686 Tw (Secretary-General of the United Nations,) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 188.64 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0016 Tc 3.5836 Tw (An agenda for peace) Tj 95.28 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.008 Tc 3.62 Tw (, cited in the CERD) Tj -283.92 -11.76 TD 0.0132 Tc 0 Tw (Committee) Tj -5.5044 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0444 Tc 0.0564 Tw (s ) Tj 55.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0117 Tc 0.8377 Tw (Annual Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) Tj 321 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj -376.56 -11.76 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc (op.cit) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.0433 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0391 Tc -0.0871 Tw (, Annex 3, paras 2-4.) Tj -62.16 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0127 Tc 4.2993 Tw (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) Tj 252.36 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0051 Tc 4.3768 Tw (, Decision 1\(53\) concerning) Tj -252.36 -11.76 TD -0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (Australia) Tj 37.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0201 Tc -0.0081 Tw (, 11 August 1998. ) Tj 77.52 0 TD -0.0504 Tc 0.0624 Tw (UN ) Tj 17.64 0 TD 0.0224 Tc 0 Tw (Doc) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0.0281 Tc -0.0161 Tw ( CERD/C/53/Misc.17/Rev.2.) Tj -184.56 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0143 Tc 6.2977 Tw (Committee member Mr) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 118.44 0 TD 0.0159 Tc 6.3218 Tw (Wulfrum, in Committee on the Elimination of Racial) Tj -118.44 -11.76 TD 0.013 Tc -0.001 Tw (Discrimination, ) Tj 67.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0.7366 Tw (Summary record of the 1287) Tj 119.28 3.96 TD /F3 6 Tf -0.018 Tc 0 Tw (th) Tj 4.68 -3.96 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0119 Tc 0.7539 Tw ( meeting \(53) Tj 52.32 3.96 TD /F3 6 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (rd) Tj 5.28 -3.96 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0123 Tc 0.7296 Tw ( session\)) Tj 35.88 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0038 Tc 0.7282 Tw (, 14 August 1998, UN) Tj ET endstream endobj 21 0 obj 7929 endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 20 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Length 24 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj -409.32 -50.04 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.0063 Tw (Australia is the first ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc (western) Tj -6.72 Tc 6.72 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 0.04 Tw (nation to be called to account under the early warning) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.0133 Tw (procedure. Other countries that were placed under the procedure at the same time as) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.956 Tw (Australia were the Czech Republic, the Congo, Rwanda, Sudan and Yugoslavia.) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 1.64 Tw (Countries previously considered under the procedure include) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 313.92 0 TD 0.008 Tc 1.672 Tw (Papua New Guinea,) Tj -313.92 -14.04 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.0032 Tw (Burundi, Israel, Mexico, Algeria, Croatia, ) Tj 213.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Bosnia and ) Tj 57.36 0 TD 0.01 Tc (Herzegovina.) Tj -270.84 -28.2 TD -0.01 Tc 0.25 Tw (The Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0041 Tc 0.3521 Tw (s decision to consider the situation in Australia under the procedure) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.0532 Tw (is highly significant. It indicates that the Committee was concerned that the situation) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0071 Tc 4.3956 Tw (in Australia might involve serious violations of Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0071 Tc 4.4471 Tw (s obligations under) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0039 Tc 3.5079 Tw (CERD, which ought to be given immediate consideration. As one Committee) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.24 Tw (member commented, ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0023 Tc 0.2423 Tw (the issues in question were so important that they deserved to) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0042 Tc 2.0719 Tw (be dealt with in their own right, and not merely in terms of Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 2.16 Tw (s regular) Tj T* -0.03 Tw (reporting obligations under the Convention.) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 219.12 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (11) Tj -219.12 -33.96 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0022 Tc 0.0142 Tw (The CERD Committee) Tj -6.696 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0164 Tc 0.0284 Tw (s Decision of 18 March 1999 on Australia) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0037 Tc 0.8873 Tw (On 18 March 1999 the CERD Committee delivered its concluding observations on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Australia, which included the following.) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0089 Tc 1.3769 Tw (3. The Committee) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 89.76 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 1.4007 Tw (recognizes that within the broad range of discriminatory practices) Tj -89.76 -12.84 TD -0.0033 Tc 1.2295 Tw (that have long been directed against Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0184 Tw (peoples, the effects of Australia's racially discriminatory land practices have endured as) Tj T* -0.0065 Tc -0.0922 Tw (an acute impairment of the rights of Australia's indigenous communities.) Tj 3.36 -25.8 TD -0.0089 Tc 1.7369 Tw (4. The Committee) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 90.84 0 TD -0 Tc 1.7014 Tw (recognizes further that the land rights of indigenous peoples are) Tj -90.84 -12.84 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.0562 Tw (unique and encompass a traditional and cultural identification of the indigenous peoples) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0013 Tc -0.105 Tw (with their land that has been generally ) Tj 175.08 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0 Tw (recognized.) Tj -175.08 -25.8 TD -0.0064 Tc 3.0644 Tw (5. In its last Concluding Observations on the previous report of Australia\205 the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0034 Tc 3.5205 Tw (Committee welcomed, further, the Native Title Act of 1993, which provided a) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0032 Tc 3.2432 Tw (framework for the continued recognition of indigenous land rights following the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.001 Tc -0.101 Tw (precedent established in the ) Tj 127.08 0 TD -0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Mabo) Tj 25.92 0 TD 0.0317 Tc -0.2237 Tw ( case.) Tj ET 238.56 319.68 25.8 0.6 re f BT 111.48 296.64 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.5604 Tw (6. The Committee, having considered a series of new amendments to the Native Title) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0043 Tc 0.7538 Tw (Act, as adopted in 1998, expresses concern over the compatibility of the Native Title) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.003 Tc 1.2729 Tw (Act, as currently amended, with the State Party's international obligations under the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0121 Tc 3.0601 Tw (Convention. While the original Native Title Act) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 241.32 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 3.1728 Tw (recognizes and seeks to protect) Tj -241.32 -12.96 TD -0.0081 Tc 1.4743 Tw (indigenous title, provisions that extinguish or impair the exercise of indigenous title) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.0404 Tw (rights and interests pervade the amended Act. While the original 1993 Native Title Act) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0031 Tc 2.6911 Tw (was delicately balanced between the rights of indigenous and non-indigenous title) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.9169 Tw (holders, the amended Act appears to create legal certainty for governments and third) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.0877 Tw (parties at the expense of indigenous title.) Tj 0 -25.8 TD -0.0076 Tc 3.2356 Tw (7. The Committee notes, in particular, four specific provisions that discriminate) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0035 Tc -0.0685 Tw (against indigenous title-holders under the newly amended Act. These include: the Act's) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0072 Tc 0.7452 Tw ("validation" provisions; the "confirmation of extinguishment" provisions; the primary) Tj -21.36 -31.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 415.32 0.6 re f BT 125.52 98.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0215 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Doc CERD/C/SR.1287, para 32. See also comments by Mr Van ) Tj 268.32 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.066 Tw (Boven, Ms ) Tj 48.12 0 TD 0.0251 Tc 0.1069 Tw (McDougall and) Tj -316.44 -11.76 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Mr ) Tj 15.72 0 TD 0.0243 Tc -0.0123 Tw (Garvalov at paras 29, 38 and 42 respectively.) Tj -51.12 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Mr ) Tj 15.72 0 TD 0.0448 Tc -0.0328 Tw (Garvalov, ) Tj 43.92 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0.0166 Tw (Summary record of the 1287) Tj 116.4 3.96 TD /F3 6 Tf -0.018 Tc 0 Tw (th) Tj 4.68 -3.96 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc -0.0381 Tw ( meeting \(53) Tj 50.88 3.96 TD /F3 6 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (rd) Tj 5.28 -3.96 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0158 Tc 0.0062 Tw ( session\), ) Tj 41.52 0 TD -0.0193 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit) Tj 23.28 0 TD 0.0433 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0446 Tc -0.0925 Tw (, para 42.) Tj ET endstream endobj 24 0 obj 6634 endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 23 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Length 27 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -387.96 -34.92 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0071 Tc 0.2111 Tw (production upgrade provisions; and restrictions concerning the right of indigenous ) Tj 376.8 0 TD -0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (title) Tj -376.8 -12.84 TD -0.0109 Tc -0.0611 Tw (holders to negotiate non-indigenous land uses.) Tj 0 -25.8 TD -0.0013 Tc 1.8124 Tw (8. These provisions raise concerns that the amended Act appears to wind back the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0019 Tc 2.2699 Tw (protections of indigenous title offered in the) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 217.56 0 TD -0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Mabo) Tj 25.92 0 TD -0.0072 Tc 2.3552 Tw ( decision of the High Court of) Tj ET 329.04 705.48 25.8 0.6 re f BT 111.48 695.28 TD -0.0023 Tc 3.3549 Tw (Australia and the 1993 Native Title Act. As such, the amended Act cannot be) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.3138 Tw (considered to be a special measure within the meaning of Articles 1\(4\) and 2\(2\) of the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.007 Tc 0.275 Tw (Convention and raises concerns about the State Party's compliance with Articles 2 and) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.0689 Tw (5 of the Convention.) Tj 0 -25.92 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.4731 Tw (9. The lack of effective participation by indigenous communities in the formulation of) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.003 Tc 0.421 Tw (the amendments also raises concerns with respect to the State Party's compliance with) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0026 Tc -0.1208 Tw (its obligations under Article 5\(c\) of the Convention\205) Tj 0 -25.8 TD 0.0027 Tc 1.0853 Tw (11. The Committee calls on the State Party to address these concerns as a matter of) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0041 Tc 3.5239 Tw (utmost urgency.) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 83.52 0 TD -0.0157 Tc 3.698 Tw (Most importantly, in conformity with the Committee's General) Tj -83.52 -12.84 TD -0.0076 Tc 0.1356 Tw (Recommendation XXIII concerning Indigenous Peoples, the Committee urges the State) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.008 Tc 0.0451 Tw (Party to suspend implementation of the 1998 amendments and re-open discussions with) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0078 Tc 0.4897 Tw (the representatives of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with a view to) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.011 Tc 1.1608 Tw (finding solutions acceptable to the indigenous peoples and which would comply with) Tj T* -0.0107 Tc -0.0913 Tw (Australia's obligations under the Convention.) Tj 0 -25.8 TD 0 Tc 1.1832 Tw (12. In light of the urgency and fundamental importance of these matters, and taking) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0058 Tc 0.3399 Tw (into account the willingness expressed by the State Party to continue the dialogue with) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.3712 Tw (the Committee over these provisions, the Committee decides to keep this matter on its) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.0714 Tw (agenda under its early warning and urgent action procedures to be reviewed again at its) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0 Tc -0.0715 Tw (fifty-fifth session.) Tj 80.4 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj -101.76 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0029 Tc 0.0029 Tw (In summary the Committee expressed concern that:) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F4 12 Tf -5.64 Tc 0 Tw (\247) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 15.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0036 Tc 2.5345 Tw (Provisions that extinguish or impair the exercise of native title pervade the) Tj -3.36 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.272 Tw (amended NTA. The Committee considered that the amended Act favours non-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 1.344 Tw (Indigenous interests at the expense of Indigenous title, and consequently, does) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0019 Tc 4.6331 Tw (not strike an appropriate balance between Indigenous and non-Indigenous) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (rights;) Tj 31.8 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (12) Tj -49.8 -33.24 TD /F4 12 Tf -5.64 Tc (\247) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 15.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 2.985 Tw (In particular, the validation, confirmation, and primary production upgrade) Tj -3.36 -14.04 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.2913 Tw (provisions, and restrictions and exceptions to the right to negotiate, discriminate) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.56 Tw (against native) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 73.56 0 TD 1.68 Tw (title holders.) Tj 63.6 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (13) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0029 Tc 1.6829 Tw ( In doing so, these provisions raise concerns that) Tj -144.12 -14.04 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.6071 Tw (Australia is not acting in compliance with its obligations under Articles 2 and 5) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 3.4018 Tw (of the Convention \(the non-discrimination principle and the requirement to) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (provide equality before the law\);) Tj 161.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (14) Tj -179.04 -34.08 TD /F5 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0056 Tc 0.7362 Tw (The amended NTA cannot be characterised as a special measure under Articles) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1\(4\) or 2\(2\) of the Convention;) Tj 153.12 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (15) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf ( and) Tj -178.08 -24.36 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 147.96 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 137.28 TD /F0 6 Tf (12) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0225 Tc -0.0105 Tw (CERD Decision, para 6.) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0225 Tc -0.0105 Tw (CERD Decision, para 7.) Tj -36 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0172 Tc 1.6471 Tw (CERD Decision, para 8. For an analysis of these obligations see Acting Aboriginal and) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0148 Tc 2.1572 Tw (Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner,) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 226.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.011 Tc 2.233 Tw (Native Title Report 1998) Tj 107.16 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0022 Tc 2.2942 Tw (, HREOC,) Tj -333.72 -11.76 TD 0.0246 Tc -0.0126 Tw (Sydney, 1999, pp 30-51.) Tj -35.4 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0028 Tc 0 Tw (ibid.) Tj ET endstream endobj 27 0 obj 6082 endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 28 0 R /F5 30 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 26 0 R >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Length 34 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj -405.6 -50.88 TD /F5 12 Tf -6.36 Tc (\267) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.72 Tw (The lack of ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0109 Tc 0.7091 Tw (effective participation) Tj -6.72 Tc 7.44 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 0.74 Tw (of Indigenous people in the formulation of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.9565 Tw (the amended Act was a breach of Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 1.056 Tw (s obligations under Article 5\(c\) of) Tj T* -0.0032 Tc 3.3432 Tw (the Convention and contrary to the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 3.36 Tw (s General Recommendation) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.005 Tc -0.005 Tw (XXIII on Indigenous People.) Tj 142.2 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj -163.92 -33.24 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0024 Tc 0.5357 Tw (The Committee called on Australia to address their concerns ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 0.6 Tw (as a matter of utmost) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (urgency.) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 47.16 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (17) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0021 Tc 0.8954 Tw ( They urged the Government to immediately suspend implementation of) Tj -54.12 -14.16 TD -0.0021 Tc 8.3488 Tw (the amendments to the NTA and re-open discussions with Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.008 Tc 3.712 Tw (representatives ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0046 Tc 3.8446 Tw (with a view to finding solutions acceptable to the indigenous) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 7.0831 Tw (peoples and which would comply with Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 7.08 Tw (s obligations under the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (Convention.) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 64.2 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (18) Tj -64.2 -33.24 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0034 Tc 0.8834 Tw (The Committee reaffirmed its decision at its fifty-fifth session on 16 August 1999.) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.0086 Tw (The Committee stated that it was:) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0014 Tc 2.4466 Tw (prompted by its serious concern that, after having observed and welcomed over a) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0043 Tc 1.0123 Tw (period of time a progressive implementation of the Convention in relation to the land) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0009 Tc 1.8397 Tw (rights of indigenous peoples in Australia, the envisaged changes in policy as to the) Tj T* 0.0012 Tc 4.0668 Tw (exercise of these rights risked creating an acute impairment of the rights thus) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.1149 Tw (recognized to the Australian indigenous communities.) Tj 242.04 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -260.04 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0.7008 Tw (The Committee also decided to ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 0.7 Tw (continue consideration of this matter together with) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.0188 Tw (the Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth period reports of the State party, during its fifty-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.005 Tc -0.025 Tw (sixth session in March 2000.) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 145.44 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (6) Tj -145.44 -33.24 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0018 Tc 2.0855 Tw (The findings of the CERD Committee are highly significant. They vindicate the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0024 Tc 3.9733 Tw (position maintained over the past two and a half years by many) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 362.04 0 TD (Indigenous) Tj -362.04 -14.04 TD 2.92 Tw (organisations, human rights advocates, lawyers and community leaders that the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.8133 Tw (amended NTA is racially discriminatory. They provide international recognition of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.024 Tw (the human rights of native titleholders.) Tj 0 -28.44 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0169 Tc 0.0289 Tw (The basis of the Committee) Tj -6.696 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.008 Tc 0.004 Tw (s decision) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0019 Tc 2.2562 Tw (Australia has an obligation under Articles 2 and 5 of CERD to treat all people) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (equally and in a non-discriminatory manner.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD (i\)) Tj 7.32 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 28.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.8939 Tw (Article 2 of CERD places an obligation on States Parties to the Convention) Tj 0.6 -14.04 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0047 Tw (not to discriminate, as well as to prevent others within their jurisdiction from) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (discriminating.) Tj -36 -28.2 TD (ii\)) Tj 10.68 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 24.72 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.002 Tc 4.834 Tw (Article 5 requires that, in accordance with the principle of effective) Tj 0.6 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.728 Tw (participation, States guarantee the right of everyone to equality before the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0077 Tc 3.4005 Tw (law, including in relation to political rights, the right to own property) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 2.7787 Tw (\(individually or communally\), the right to inherit and the right to equal) Tj -36 -33.24 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (16) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0225 Tc -0.0105 Tw (CERD Decision, para 9.) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (17) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0244 Tc -0.0124 Tw (CERD Decision, para 11.) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc (.) Tj ET endstream endobj 34 0 obj 5435 endobj 32 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F5 30 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 33 0 R >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Length 40 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj -373.32 -35.88 TD 0.24 Tw (participation in cultural activities.) Tj 166.32 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (19) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.28 Tw ( The principle of effective participation is) Tj -173.28 -14.16 TD -0.0022 Tc 2.5102 Tw (set out in General Recommendation XXIII of the CERD Committee and) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 3.312 Tw (requires that the informed consent of Indigenous people be obtained in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (decisions that affect them,) Tj -36 -28.08 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.089 Tw (The Committee found that Australia had breached these obligations on the following) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (bases) Tj 25.92 0 TD (;) Tj -25.92 -28.44 TD /F6 12 Tf (i\)) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0109 Tc -0.0131 Tw (The principles of non-discrimination and equality) Tj -36 -28.2 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0034 Tc 2.0234 Tw (The CERD Committee adopted an approach to) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 247.32 0 TD 2.1 Tw (equality which requires States to) Tj -247.32 -14.16 TD 1.2 Tw (redress past racially discriminatory practices.) Tj 227.64 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (20) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.004 Tc 1.204 Tw ( States must also give equal respect) Tj -234.6 -14.04 TD 0.0017 Tc -0.0017 Tw (and protection to different cultural values and ensure these values are protected.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0056 Tc 1.0856 Tw (In contrast to this substantive approach to equality is the formal equality) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 371.04 0 TD (approach) Tj -371.04 -14.04 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.4383 Tw (which merely requires that everyone be treated in an identical manner regardless of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0075 Tc -0.0075 Tw (such differences.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD 0.0017 Tc 3.1783 Tw (The substantive approach to racial equality requires that differences be treated) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.1927 Tw (differently if such treatment seeks to overcome past discrimination or to protect) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (cultural values.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0129 Tc 4.7113 Tw (In its oral submission to the CERD Committee in March 1999 and in its) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0064 Tc 7.0731 Tw (submissions before this Committee on 9 March 2000, the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.5798 Tw (representatives have stated that the standard of equality adopted in CERD is one of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (substantive equality.) Tj 35.4 -25.92 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.4773 Tw (More recently, the concept of substantive equality has been used to consider issues) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0066 Tc 1.5946 Tw (of equality and non-discrimination in international law.) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 263.52 0 TD -0.0073 Tc 1.6953 Tw (In relation to substantive) Tj -263.52 -12.96 TD -0.0045 Tc 2.3543 Tw (equality, the concept encompasses treating like groups or like things alike, but) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0046 Tc 2.0967 Tw (treating different groups differently, in accordance with the differences between) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0061 Tc -0.0267 Tw (them, provided that the differences you focus on are ones that are legitimate ones to) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.003 Tc 0.2653 Tw (focus on in relation to the objects of the convention, and provided that the different) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0023 Tc 1.5057 Tw (treatment is proportional to the nature of the difference between the groups. We) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 0.9821 Tw (speak in the submission about the application of those concepts to the situation of) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.0684 Tw (native title.) Tj 50.88 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (21) Tj -86.28 -31.44 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 2.1761 Tw (This is consistent with the definition of racial discrimination in Article 1 of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0049 Tc 0.4849 Tw (Convention referring to a distinction on the basis of race ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 0.48 Tw (which has the purpose or) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.2216 Tw (effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal) Tj 0 -17.76 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 206.76 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 195.96 TD /F0 6 Tf (19) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0163 Tc 2.1557 Tw (The meaning of these principles has been considered in detail in previous Native Title) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0167 Tc 2.3553 Tw (reports: Acting Aboriginal and Social Justice Commissioner,) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 268.92 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0167 Tc 2.4387 Tw (Native Title Report 1998) Tj 107.64 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj -376.56 -11.76 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0068 Tc (op.cit.) Tj 26.76 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0173 Tc 2.5507 Tw (, Chapter 2; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner,) Tj -26.76 -11.76 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0062 Tc 0.1481 Tw (Native Title Report 1996-97) Tj 114.36 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0084 Tc 0.1956 Tw (, HREOC, Sydney, 1997, Chapter 6; and in the HREOC CERD) Tj -114.36 -11.76 TD 0.0214 Tc -0.0494 Tw (Submission, paras 92 ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 3.7164 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.02 Tc -0.008 Tw (126 ) Tj 116.16 0 TD 0.0396 Tc 0 Tw (www.hreoc.gov.au) Tj -151.56 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc (20) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0217 Tc 1.3103 Tw (Committee on) Tj 59.04 0 TD 0.0116 Tc 1.3204 Tw ( the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 183.24 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0016 Tc 1.4636 Tw (General Recommendation XX on) Tj -242.28 -11.76 TD -0.0101 Tc 3.272 Tw (Article 5) Tj 38.4 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0092 Tc 3.2612 Tw (, UN) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30.48 0 TD 0.0223 Tc 3.2747 Tw (Doc CERD/48/Misc.6/Rev.2 15/03/96, para 2 and Committee on the) Tj -68.88 -11.64 TD 0.0136 Tc 4.0784 Tw (Elimination of Racial Discrimination,) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 173.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0034 Tc 4.0985 Tw (General Recommendation XIV) Tj 131.88 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 7.08 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -3.8045 Tc 8.0264 Tw (\226 ) Tj -0.0213 Tc 4.1232 Tw (Definition of) Tj -312.36 -11.76 TD -0.0025 Tc 0 Tw (discrimination) Tj 58.32 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0473 Tc -0.1152 Tw (, 19/03/93, para 2.) Tj -93.72 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (21) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0079 Tc 0.0141 Tw (Proof Committee Hansard) Tj 107.04 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0128 Tc -0.0008 Tw (, Joint Committee on Native Title and the Aboriginal and Torres) Tj -107.04 -11.76 TD 0.0199 Tc -0.0079 Tw (Strait Islander Land Fund, ) Tj 111.36 0 TD 0.0319 Tc -0.0199 Tw (Renee ) Tj 27.96 0 TD 0.0368 Tc -0.0848 Tw (Leon, 9 March 2000, p154) Tj ET endstream endobj 40 0 obj 6661 endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F6 37 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 39 0 R >> endobj 42 0 obj << /Length 43 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj -409.32 -35.88 TD 3 Tw (footing, of human rights\205) Tj -6.72 Tc 9.72 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0141 Tc 3.0141 Tw (It is also consistent with the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.015 Tc 3.105 Tw (s General) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 5.085 Tw (Recommendation XIV which excludes from the definition of discrimination,) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.9653 Tw (differential treatment which is consistent with the objectives and purposes of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Convention.) Tj 60.24 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (22) Tj -24.84 -32.16 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0053 Tc 1.5697 Tw (A differentiation of treatment will not constitute discrimination if the criteria for) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0039 Tc 0.6759 Tw (such differentiation, judged against the objectives and purposes of the Convention,) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0 Tc 0.2874 Tw (are legitimate\205 In seeking to determine whether an action has an effect contrary to) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0074 Tc 2.1785 Tw (the Convention, it \(the Committee\) will look to see whether that action has an) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.0973 Tw (unjustifiable disparate impact upon a group distinguished by race\205) Tj 302.28 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (23) Tj -337.68 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.4708 Tw (A special measure is defined under Articles 1\(4\) or 2\(2\) of the Convention. Special) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 1.884 Tw (measures would be legitimate differential treatment, as would measures aimed at) Tj T* -0.0024 Tc 2.1624 Tw (recognising and protecting the traditions and customs of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 295.8 0 TD 2.16 Tw (Indigenous people. The) Tj -295.8 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0018 Tw (distinction between these two types of differential treatment is significant.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.1787 Tw (I indicated to the Joint Parliamentary Committee in response to a series of questions) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.2306 Tw (put to me when I appeared before it on 22 February 2000 that the amended NTA as) Tj T* 0 Tc 3.1886 Tw (a whole could not be considered a special measure but to the extent that the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 2.4 Tw (amended NTA recognises and protects the traditions and customs of Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 2.3617 Tw (people then this recognition and protection was a non-discriminatory differential) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.18 Tw (treatment of Indigenous people. ) Tj 160.32 0 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.3628 Tw (This latter description arises from the High Court) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s) Tj -160.32 -14.04 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.0037 Tw (identification of the original NTA in ) Tj 182.4 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0199 Tc 0.1519 Tw (Western Australia v Commonwealth) Tj 175.68 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.12 Tw ( \(1995\) 183) Tj -358.08 -14.04 TD -0.0039 Tc 2.1489 Tw (CLR 373 as either a special measure or ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 2.16 Tw (a law which, although it makes racial) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0065 Tc 0.5665 Tw (distinctions, is not racially discriminatory so as to offend the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 307.2 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0198 Tc 0.6318 Tw (Racial Discrimination) Tj -307.2 -14.04 TD -0.044 Tc 0 Tw (Act) Tj 15.96 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0064 Tc 6.0719 Tw ( or the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of) Tj -15.96 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Discrimination) Tj -6.72 Tc 6.72 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (\(p483 ) Tj -4.68 Tc 4.68 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (484\)) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0072 Tc -0.0021 Tw (This matter was also dealt with by the Acting Social Justice Commissioner in her) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.003 Tc -0.0656 Tw (submission to the CERD Committee in March 1999.) Tj 36 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.6556 Tw (Native title cannot be described as a special measure. It is not a remedial measure) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0 Tc 2.0273 Tw (taken for the purpose of overcoming the effect of historical patterns of racism.) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.8272 Tw (Native title does lead to the maintenance of separate rights for) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 293.16 0 TD -0.004 Tc 0.892 Tw (Indigenous people.) Tj -293.16 -12.84 TD 0 Tc 0.2106 Tw (Native title is not a temporary measure which can be removed once it objective has) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.049 Tw (been achieved. The recognition of native title involves accepting a form of land title) Tj T* 0.0015 Tc 2.9592 Tw (that derives from the traditional laws and customs of indigenous people. The) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0013 Tc 1.2593 Tw (protection of native title must reflect the substance of those traditional rights and) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0019 Tc 5.5833 Tw (customs. Different rights require different forms of protection to achieve) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.0663 Tw (substantive equality of treatment.) Tj 149.52 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (24) Tj -185.52 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 3.0823 Tw (The significance of the distinction between differential treatment which can be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0051 Tc 1.9804 Tw (characterised as a special measure and differential treatment that arises from the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0052 Tc 3.6379 Tw (unique cultural identity of a distinct cultural group was illustrated during the) Tj 0 -24.12 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 147.96 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 137.28 TD /F0 6 Tf (22) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0139 Tc 1.4981 Tw (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 243.48 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0034 Tc 1.5785 Tw (General Recommendation XIV) Tj 126.84 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -3.8045 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj -374.88 -11.76 TD -0.0066 Tc 1.8285 Tw (Definition of discrimination) Tj 116.28 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0208 Tc 1.7645 Tw (, 19/03/93, para 2. See Acting Aboriginal and Social Justice) Tj -116.28 -11.64 TD 0.0176 Tc -0.0056 Tw (Commissioner, ) Tj 65.28 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.011 Tc 0.033 Tw (Native Title Report 1998) Tj 100.56 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0468 Tc 0.0588 Tw (, ) Tj 6.24 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0 Tc 0.022 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0183 Tc -0.0663 Tw ( pp 32-34.) Tj -233.88 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (23) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0423 Tc -0.0303 Tw (, para 2.) Tj -51 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (24) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.0067 Tw (HREOC CERD Submission, ) Tj 120.36 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit) Tj 23.4 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0096 Tc -0.0276 Tw ( para 110. A copy of this submission is on the HREOC) Tj -143.76 -11.76 TD 0.0323 Tc -0.0203 Tw (web page at ) Tj 51.72 0 TD 0.0396 Tc 0 Tw (www.hreoc.gov.au) Tj ET endstream endobj 43 0 obj 6875 endobj 41 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 42 0 R >> endobj 45 0 obj << /Length 46 0 R >> stream BT 499.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -409.32 -35.88 TD 0.17 Tw (parliamentary and public debates over the amendments to the NTA and in particular) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.0726 Tw (over the amendments which sought to remove the right to negotiate from the Act.) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.4617 Tw (Having identified the right to negotiate as a special measure the government argued) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0018 Tc 1.7022 Tw (that amendments which remove a special measure are not discriminatory because) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 3.5018 Tw (they merely take away an additional right extended to Indigenous people. By) Tj T* -0.0035 Tc 0.9035 Tw (removing the right to negotiate it was argued that Aboriginal people are put in the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.7694 Tw (same position as other titleholders and are thus not discriminated against. It is also) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 4.56 Tw (suggested in the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0029 Tc 4.5829 Tw (s written submission to the Joint Parliamentary) Tj T* -0.0034 Tc 0.5634 Tw (Committee that the removal of a special measure is permissible at international law) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (and does not require the consent of Indigenous people.) Tj 36 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0014 Tc 0.118 Tw (There is no authority at international law however to suggest that the consent of the) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.4613 Tw (racial group that is to benefit from the special measure is necessary... Nor is) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 356.88 0 TD 0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (there) Tj -356.88 -12.96 TD -0.0014 Tc -0.1067 Tw (authority to suggest that amendment of a special measure requires consent.) Tj 337.2 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj -373.2 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0052 Tc 0.6052 Tw (The Acting Social Justice Commissioner dealt with these arguments in chapter 3 of) Tj 0 -14.28 TD 0 Tc 1.71 Tw (the 1998 Native Title Report) Tj 148.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 1.8 Tw ( In summary, her response to these arguments was) Tj -152.04 -14.28 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.3891 Tw (twofold. Firstly she argued that the right to negotiate was not a special measure but) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0019 Tc 4.5581 Tw (was a reflection, albeit a poor one, of the traditional mechanisms used by) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.7673 Tw (Indigenous people to control access to their land. Moreover a statutory measure,) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.0294 Tw (like the right to negotiate, which protects the customs of Indigenous people from the) Tj T* 0 Tc 0.84 Tw (devastating effect of mining and other developments is not a special measure but a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (recognition and protection of cultural difference. It is not a gift to Indigenous people) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.9382 Tw (from government but arises from the identity of Indigenous people themselves and) Tj T* -0.0091 Tc 0.0091 Tw (the recognition that this identity is entitled to protection.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.3368 Tw (Secondly she argued that even if it is assumed that the right to negotiate is a special) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.32 Tw (measure its removal ) Tj 103.68 0 TD 0.564 Tw (cannot be justified by reference to a notion of equality. Where) Tj -103.68 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.4694 Tw (the basis of the implementation of a special measure is to redress the inequalities) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.3038 Tw (created by past discriminatory practices and enable Indigenous people to enjoy their) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.451 Tw (human rights equally, the removal of such a measure can only be justified where) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.3222 Tw (such equality has in fact been achieved. ) Tj 200.88 0 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.4834 Tw (This argument is supported by the wording) Tj -200.88 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (of Article 1\(4\) of CERD.) Tj 36 -27 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0027 Tc 1.1035 Tw (Special measures taken for the sole purpose of securing adequate advancement of) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0046 Tc 1.1526 Tw (certain racial or ethnic groups or individuals requiring such protection as may be) Tj T* -0.0017 Tc 0.9397 Tw (necessary in order to ensure groups or individuals equal enjoyment or exercise of) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.004 Tc 0.616 Tw (human rights and fundamental freedoms shall not be deemed racial discrimination,) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0105 Tc 2.9975 Tw (provided however, that such measures do not, as a consequence, lead to the) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.9093 Tw (maintenance of separate rights from different racial groups and that they shall not) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0054 Tc -0.0974 Tw (be continued after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved.) Tj -36 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0034 Tc -0.0066 Tw (The CERD Committee has recognised that State Parties have a positive obligation to) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (recognise and protect ) Tj 108.12 0 TD (Indigenous cultures and identity.) Tj -108.12 -54.24 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (25) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0341 Tc -0.0221 Tw (Attorney General) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0086 Tc 0.0034 Tw (s Submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Native Title and) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0173 Tc -0.0153 Tw (the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Fund, Submission No: CERD 24, paragraphs) Tj T* 0.0236 Tc -0.0116 Tw (55 & 56, 29 February 2000) Tj ET endstream endobj 46 0 obj 5536 endobj 44 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 45 0 R >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Length 49 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD 0.0018 Tc 2.1715 Tw (Through General Recommendation XXIII the Committee has recognised that the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 3.156 Tw (culture of Indigenous peoples worldwide needs to be recognised and protected) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (against ongoing discrimination:) Tj 36 -26.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0188 Tc 0.1832 Tw (\205Indigenous peoples have been, and are still being, discriminated against, deprived of their) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.02 Tc 0.5663 Tw (human rights and fundamental freedoms and in particular that they have lost their land and) Tj T* 0.0205 Tc 1.0388 Tw (resources\205 Consequently the preservation of their culture and their historical identity has) Tj T* 0.0184 Tc -0.0064 Tw (been and still is jeopardised.) Tj 116.64 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (26) Tj -152.64 -31.8 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0037 Tc 0.0037 Tw (The Committee has called on States to:) Tj 21.36 -24.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0654 Tc 0 Tw (a\)) Tj 7.8 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0 Tc -0.0487 Tw ( ) Tj 27.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0254 Tc 0.4966 Tw (recognize and respect Indigenous distinct culture, history, language and way of life as) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0245 Tc -0.0425 Tw (an enrichment of the State) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0137 Tc -0.0188 Tw (s cultural identity and to promote its preservation;) Tj -38.76 -11.76 TD 0.0666 Tc 0 Tw (b\)) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0 Tc -0.0487 Tw ( ) Tj 30.36 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0166 Tc 0.184 Tw (ensure that members of Indigenous peoples are free and equal in dignity and rights and) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.02 Tc -0.044 Tw (free from any discrimination, in particular that based on Indigenous identity;) Tj -38.76 -11.76 TD 0.0654 Tc 0 Tw (c\)) Tj 7.8 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0 Tc -0.0487 Tw ( ) Tj 30.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0172 Tc 1.4228 Tw (provide Indigenous peoples with conditions allowing for a sustainable economic and) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0165 Tc -0.0045 Tw (social development compatible with their cultural characteristics;) Tj -35.4 -11.76 TD 0.0666 Tc 0 Tw (d\)) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0 Tc -0.0487 Tw ( ) Tj 27 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0203 Tc 1.4617 Tw (ensure that members of Indigenous peoples have equal rights in respect of effective) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0154 Tc 1.2889 Tw (participation in public life, and that no decisions directly relating to their rights and) Tj T* 0.0171 Tc -0.0051 Tw (interests are taken without their informed consent;) Tj -38.76 -12.6 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (e\)) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F2 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0067 Tw ( ) Tj 30.12 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0155 Tc 0.7045 Tw (ensure that Indigenous communities can exercise their rights to practice and) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 321 0 TD 0.021 Tc 0 Tw (revitalize) Tj -321 -11.76 TD 0.0154 Tc -0.0034 Tw (their cultural traditions and customs, to preserve and to practice their languages;) Tj 329.4 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (27) Tj -386.16 -29.4 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0027 Tc 0.0027 Tw (The Committee especially called on States Parties:) Tj 36 -24.84 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0144 Tc -0.0864 Tw (to ) Tj 12.6 0 TD -0.0023 Tc 0.7267 Tw (recognize and protect the rights of Indigenous peoples to own, develop, control) Tj -12.6 -12.84 TD -0 Tc -0.1057 Tw (and use their communal lands, territories and resources\205) Tj 259.32 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (28) Tj -295.32 -29.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.61 Tw (The Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0043 Tc 0.6394 Tw (s decision of March 1999 reflects these factors. Paragraph 4 of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (decision states:) Tj 0 -26.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0666 Tc (4.) Tj 35.4 0 TD 0.0168 Tc 2.2752 Tw (The Committee) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 70.92 0 TD 0.0197 Tc 2.2483 Tw (recognizes\205 that the land rights of indigenous peoples are unique and) Tj -70.92 -11.76 TD 0.0195 Tc 2.458 Tw (encompass a traditional and cultural identification of the indigenous peoples with their) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0526 Tc 0 Tw (land...) Tj -35.4 -27.72 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 3.716 Tw (Members of the Committee also made it clear that the Committee ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 3.6 Tw (links the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 1.68 Tw (obligation of non-discriminatory respect for) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 226.8 0 TD 1.776 Tw (Indigenous culture to the question of) Tj -226.8 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (control over land.) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 92.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (29) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0026 Tc -0.0094 Tw ( One member of the Committee stated the issue as follows:) Tj -63 -26.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0172 Tc 0.7332 Tw (To what extent were the traditional rights of indigenous peoples affected by the provisions) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0186 Tc 1.1934 Tw (of the Act? That was the Committee) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.015 Tc 1.2142 Tw (s starting point: the special relationship between the) Tj T* 0.0158 Tc 0.8962 Tw (Aboriginals, their culture and way of life, and the land. Native property rights should not) Tj T* 0.018 Tc 1.018 Tw (simply be given the same protection as any other property rights but should be subject to) Tj T* 0.0183 Tc -0.0063 Tw (special protection measures; anything else was tantamount to not protecting them.) Tj 335.16 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (30) Tj -371.16 -31.68 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0046 Tc 1.5646 Tw (This influenced the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0029 Tc 1.6829 Tw (s findings in paragraph 7 of the Decision that the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.19 Tw (amended NTA, particularly those provisions relating to confirmation, validation,) Tj 0 -29.04 TD 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 147.96 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 137.28 TD /F0 6 Tf (26) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0143 Tc 0.8137 Tw (Committee on the Elimination of Racial) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 171 0 TD 0.013 Tc -0.001 Tw (Discrimination, ) Tj 67.68 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0.9801 Tw (General Recommendation XXIII ) Tj -3.8045 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj -238.68 -11.76 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.0252 Tw (Indigenous Peoples) Tj 79.08 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0201 Tc -0.0081 Tw (, 18 August 1997, ) Tj 77.52 0 TD 0.0048 Tc 0.0072 Tw (Un ) Tj 15.36 0 TD 0.0256 Tc -0.0536 Tw (Doc CERD/C/51/Misc.13/Rev.4, para 3.) Tj -207.36 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (27) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0423 Tc -0.0303 Tw (, para 4.) Tj -51.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (28) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0423 Tc -0.0303 Tw (, para 5.) Tj -51.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (29) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0119 Tc 0 Tw (Ms Ali, in FAIRA, CERD Transcript, p 19; Ms ) Tj 201.12 0 TD 0.0197 Tc -0.0077 Tw (McDougall, ) Tj 52.2 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.0433 Tc (..) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0173 Tc -0.0653 Tw (, p 60.) Tj -319.44 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (30) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Mr ) Tj 15.72 0 TD 0.0309 Tc 0 Tw (Diaconu) Tj 34.08 0 TD 0.0167 Tc -0.0047 Tw ( in CERD Summary Record, para 45.) Tj ET endstream endobj 49 0 obj 7349 endobj 47 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 48 0 R >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Length 52 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD 0.7745 Tw (primary production upgrades and changes to the right to negotiate, raised concerns) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (about Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc -0.0133 Tw (s compliance with Articles 2 and 5 of the Convention.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0378 Tc 0.0498 Tw (A substantive equality approach to native title) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.72 Tw (The test of) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 58.44 0 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.7602 Tw (equality which the government applies to the amended NTA is whether) Tj -58.44 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 3.58 Tw (the rights of Indigenous titleholders are afforded the same protection as non-) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.7434 Tw (Indigenous interests. This test should not be confused with the question of whether) Tj T* 0 Tc 3.24 Tw (the protective mechanisms applied to) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 201.12 0 TD 3.34 Tw (Indigenous interests are the same as the) Tj -201.12 -14.16 TD 4.3733 Tw (protective mechanisms applied to non-Indigenous interests. Rather the test is) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (whether the two sets of interests are equally protected.) Tj 36 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0034 Tc 1.9046 Tw (Further, the committee) Tj -6.2256 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0028 Tc 2.0612 Tw (s view appears to be that the assessment of the balance) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0012 Tc 1.3592 Tw (should be undertaken by reference only to a comparison between the interests of) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0028 Tc 4.0217 Tw (indigenous people under the 1993 act when compared with the interests of) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0038 Tc 3.7718 Tw (indigenous people under the amendment act.) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 227.04 0 TD -0.0181 Tc 3.9061 Tw (The government) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0109 Tc 3.8989 Tw (s view is that) Tj -227.04 -12.96 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.8784 Tw (approach is wrong; that, rather, the) Tj 165.48 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 4.68 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0088 Tc 0.9768 Tw (assessment should be between the position of) Tj -170.16 -12.84 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.3035 Tw (indigenous interests on the one hand and non-indigenous interests on the other, and) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0044 Tc -0.1214 Tw (that applying the law as described by Ms ) Tj 187.44 0 TD -0.0132 Tc 0 Tw (Leon) Tj 22.8 0 TD -0.0083 Tc 0.0083 Tw (, that where analogous existing rights) Tj -210.24 -12.84 TD -0.0068 Tc 1.4248 Tw (exist, the protection given to indigenous rights should be comparable to those of) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.006 Tc 2.3122 Tw (existing interests. Given the different nature of native title interests from other) Tj T* -0.0038 Tc 0.9518 Tw (interests, the protection will not always be the same, but on balance, it should be) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.1569 Tw (comparable. The fact that the provisions under the act as amended may be different) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0015 Tc 5.1449 Tw (in some cases to the provision in the 1993 act cannot itself amount to) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0064 Tc 0 Tw (discrimination.) Tj 67.68 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc (31) Tj -103.68 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0054 Tc 2.7354 Tw (There is no dispute by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0057 Tc 4.053 Tw (Commissioner that the test proposed by the government is consistent with a) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0019 Tc 3.8201 Tw (substantive approach to equality. What is disputed is that the amended NTA) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (satisfies the test of equal protection.) Tj 0 -26.16 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0375 Tc 0.0386 Tw (Application of the principles of equality to the amended Native Title Act) Tj 0 -26.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0.1097 Tw (Whether the amended NTA provides the same level of protection to native title as is) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.92 Tw (provided to non-Indigenous) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 144.24 0 TD -0.0026 Tc 2.0276 Tw (title holders is most clearly discerned where the full) Tj -144.24 -14.16 TD -0.0017 Tc 2.489 Tw (enjoyment of native title and the full enjoyment of non-Indigenous interests are) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 3.45 Tw (inconsistent. What an analysis of the amended NTA reveals is that, in every) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.2797 Tw (situation in which there is an inconsistency between Indigenous interests and non-) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Indigenous ) Tj 59.28 0 TD -0.0019 Tc 2.4019 Tw (interests, the Act provides that non-Indigenous interests will prevail.) Tj -59.28 -14.04 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.0871 Tw (The four sets of provisions which the Committee identified in paragraphs 7 & 8 as a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.4268 Tw (cause for concern are precisely those provisions in the Act which deal with such an) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (inconsistency.) Tj 69.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (32) Tj -69.36 -48.6 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 159.72 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 149.04 TD /F0 6 Tf (31) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0079 Tc 0.0141 Tw (Proof Committee Hansard) Tj 107.04 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0128 Tc -0.0008 Tw (, Joint Committee on Native Title and the Aboriginal and Torres) Tj -107.04 -11.76 TD 0.014 Tc -0.002 Tw (Strait Islander Land Fund, Ms ) Tj 127.2 0 TD 0.025 Tc -0.013 Tw (Horner, 9 March 2000, p156) Tj -163.2 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (32) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0162 Tc -0.0135 Tw (For reasons why the Acting Social Justice Commissioner had argued to the Committee ) Tj 357.84 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0 Tw (that) Tj -357.84 -11.64 TD 0.0185 Tc -0.0174 Tw (the validation, confirmation, primary production upgrade and the amendments to the right) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0134 Tc -0.0014 Tw (to negotiate provisions are discriminatory see: HREOC CERD submission, paras 43 ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 3.8364 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0244 Tc 0 Tw (90.) Tj T* 0.0127 Tc -0 Tw (An analysis of these provisions and their application by State and Territory governments is) Tj T* 0.0155 Tc -0.0035 Tw (also contained in the ) Tj 86.88 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0085 Tc 0.0305 Tw (Native Title Report 1999, ) Tj 106.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0.012 Tw (pp49 ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 3.7164 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0244 Tc 0 Tw (67.) Tj ET endstream endobj 52 0 obj 6263 endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 51 0 R >> endobj 54 0 obj << /Length 55 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.4416 Tw (In relation to the validation provisions, the inconsistency is between the legal rights) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0035 Tc 2.7635 Tw (of Indigenous title holders and the enjoyment by non-Indigenous titleholders of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 2.7817 Tw (rights illegally obtained \(either because of the invalidity of past acts under the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.023 Tc 0.875 Tw (Racial Discrimination Act) Tj 128.88 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.84 Tw (, 1975, \() Tj 44.76 0 TD 0 Tw (Cth) Tj 17.64 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.8462 Tw (\) or because of the invalidity of intermediate) Tj -191.28 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.5717 Tw (period acts, under the original NTA\). In relation to the confirmation provisions the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.272 Tw (inconsistency is between Indigenous interests on the one hand and non-Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 2.0314 Tw (interests specified by way of a schedule to the Act or referred to generically as) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 1.2 Tw (either ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 1.2 Tw (exclusive possession acts) Tj -6.72 Tc 7.92 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 1.2 Tw (or ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0044 Tc 1.2556 Tw (non-exclusive possession acts) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 1.32 Tw (. In relation to) Tj T* 4.56 Tw (the primary production upgrade provisions, the inconsistency is between the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.3217 Tw (exercise of native title rights and the carrying out of a range of activities that the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.2948 Tw (leaseholder may wish to pursue, in addition to the rights granted under the lease. In) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.7139 Tw (relation to the right to negotiate provisions the inconsistency is principally between) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.9343 Tw (the exercise of native title rights and the interests of miners to explore and exploit) Tj T* 0.84 Tw (the land. They also involve a conflict between native) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 270.36 0 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.8444 Tw (title holders and third parties) Tj -270.36 -14.16 TD 0 Tc -0.03 Tw (benefiting from the compulsory acquisition of native title land.) Tj 0 -26.04 TD 0.0017 Tc 1.2747 Tw (In each of these instances where an inconsistency or potential inconsistency exists) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.26 Tw (between the full enjoyment of) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 156.12 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 1.3227 Tw (Indigenous interests and the full enjoyment of non-) Tj -156.12 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 4.485 Tw (Indigenous interests, the amended NTA ensures that non-Indigenous interests) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.7954 Tw (prevail over the Indigenous interests. The CERD Committee recognised the failure) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.28 Tw (of the Act to give native) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 136.56 0 TD -0.0051 Tc 2.3901 Tw (title holders equal protection to that provided to non-) Tj -136.56 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Indigenous interests.) Tj 36 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0051 Tc 0.1331 Tw (While the original Native Title Act ) Tj 162.48 0 TD -0.0023 Tc 0.1503 Tw (recognizes and seeks to protect indigenous title,) Tj -162.48 -12.96 TD -0.0075 Tc 2.6628 Tw (provisions that extinguish or impair the exercise of indigenous title rights and) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0012 Tc 1.1292 Tw (interests pervade the amended Act. While the original 1993 Native Title Act was) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.004 Tc 3.652 Tw (delicately balanced between the rights of indigenous and non-indigenous title) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.8877 Tw (holders, the amended Act appears to create legal certainty for governments and) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.1202 Tw (third parties at the expense of indigenous title. ) Tj 212.04 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (33) Tj -248.04 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0033 Tc 1.8633 Tw (The subordination of native title interests to non-Indigenous interests whenever a) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (conflict arises cannot pass the government) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s own test of equal protection.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0222 Tc 0.0342 Tw (The government) Tj -6.696 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0281 Tc 0.0401 Tw (s arguments against a finding of discrimination) Tj T* /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 1.2 Tw (The government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0052 Tc 1.2052 Tw (s response to the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 1.2 Tw (s decision that the amended NTA is) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0024 Tc 4.8709 Tw (discriminatory is fourfold. Firstly, it maintains that the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 312.6 0 TD 4.92 Tw (purpose behind the) Tj -312.6 -14.04 TD 1.36 Tw (amendments to the NTA are legitimate and that insufficient attention was paid by) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0026 Tc 4.3226 Tw (the Committee to the reasonableness of the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 4.4 Tw (s objectives and the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0023 Tc 4.4377 Tw (proportionate means by which these objectives were achieved.) Tj 337.2 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (34) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 4.44 Tw ( Secondly, it) Tj -344.16 -14.16 TD -0.0048 Tc 3.5648 Tw (maintains that the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 3.6267 Tw (s analysis fails to take account of the range of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.12 Tw (measures contained in the whole of the act that ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0039 Tc 0.2267 Tw (purport to treat native title in a way) Tj T* 0 Tc 1.61 Tw (that is different or takes account of the special nature of native title) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 356.52 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (35) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 1.68 Tw ( Instead it) Tj -363.48 -14.16 TD -0.0036 Tc 1.3408 Tw (focuses on the amendments to the original NTA and in particular the four sets of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 2.49 Tw (provisions which prefer non-Indigenous interests) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 255.36 0 TD 2.52 Tw (over Indigenous ones. Thirdly,) Tj -255.36 -14.16 TD 1.176 Tw (and particularly in relation to the) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 172.56 0 TD (NTA) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0065 Tc 1.2065 Tw (s response to past acts of dispossession, it) Tj -172.56 -23.76 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (33) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0225 Tc -0.0105 Tw (CERD Decision, para 6.) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (34) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0079 Tc 0.0141 Tw (Proof Committee Hansard) Tj 107.04 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0116 Tc 0.0236 Tw (, Ms ) Tj 22.2 0 TD 0.0386 Tc -0.0266 Tw (Horner, ) Tj 35.64 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0104 Tc 0.0323 Tw (op.cit, ) Tj 29.64 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.138 Tw ( p156) Tj -229.92 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (35) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj ET endstream endobj 55 0 obj 6911 endobj 53 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 36 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 54 0 R >> endobj 58 0 obj << /Length 59 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD -0.002 Tc 5.2493 Tw (maintains that the Committee failed to allow the government a margin of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0026 Tc 0.4997 Tw (appreciation in meeting its obligations under the Act.) Tj 264.48 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (36) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0.6048 Tw ( Finally it argues that, to the) Tj -271.44 -14.04 TD -0.005 Tc 0.0736 Tw (extent that the Act merely confirms past acts of dispossession, as it does through the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0035 Tc -0.0232 Tw (validation and confirmation provisions, this is not discriminatory under CERD.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 9.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 8.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0062 Tc 0.8462 Tw (In relation to the first point, the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.004 Tc 0.866 Tw (s representative emphasised to the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 4.9964 Tw (CERD Committee when he appeared before it in March 1999 that the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (government) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc 3.585 Tw (s purpose in enacting the validation, confirmation and primary) Tj T* -0.002 Tc 3.962 Tw (production upgrade provisions as well as the amendments to the right to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0057 Tc 3.2757 Tw (negotiate provisions was legitimate in that it sought to balance a range of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0019 Tc 0.0019 Tw (interests affected by the legislation using proportionate means to do so.) Tj 18 -38.88 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0021 Tc -0.0599 Tw (Of course Australia recognises that in determining if a particular case complies with) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.003 Tc 0.9095 Tw (CERD it is important to have to regard that decisions regarding treatment are not) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0034 Tc 3.5682 Tw (arbitrary. In other words, they must have an objectively justifiable aim and) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.3904 Tw (proportionate means. And, that's another reason why in my introductory remarks I) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.7392 Tw (went to some length to explain the objective, the justifiable objective that some of) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0709 Tw (the measures in the Native Title Amendment Act seek to meet and the proportionate) Tj T* 0.0048 Tc -0.1111 Tw (means by which they seek to meet them.) Tj 0 -25.8 TD 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 1.4171 Tw (Now I understand from some of your comments that you're uncomfortable with) Tj -3.24 -12.84 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0389 Tw (some of those; both as to the objectives and as to the proportionate means and again) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0026 Tc 1.8694 Tw (I'll come back to that when we look at the particular areas of concern that the) Tj T* -0.0014 Tc 0.8037 Tw (committee has expressed in relation to the Amendment Act but suffice it to say at) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.0237 Tw (this stage that Australia is aware of the need to have objectively justifiable aims and) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.002 Tc -0.1214 Tw (proportionate means in dealing with this issue. ) Tj 213 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (37) Tj -231 -45.48 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0035 Tc 0.1335 Tw (The justifiable aims proposed in relation to the amendments included the need to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.18 Tw (provide certainty to non-Indigenous and Indigenous titleholders; the need to deal) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 1.88 Tw (with the High Court) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 2 Tw (s decision in the) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 199.8 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.052 Tc (Wik) Tj 18.6 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 2.04 Tw ( case; and the need to balance the) Tj -218.4 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 2.2354 Tw (interests of all the stakeholders in the legislation, including farmers, miners,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0027 Tc -0.0027 Tw (developers, governments, and native title holders.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (The government) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc 0.0267 Tw (s argument that where particular provisions within the Act have) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.1745 Tw (an objectively justifiable purpose or adopt proportionate means then they are not) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0059 Tc 4.8659 Tw (discriminatory arises from their interpretation of the CERD Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0033 Tc 8.9967 Tw (General Recommendation XIV quoted above.) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 272.4 0 TD 0.008 Tc 9.032 Tw (In my view General) Tj -272.4 -14.04 TD 0.0019 Tc 2.0741 Tw (Recommendation XIV makes it clear that where differential treatment on the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.5865 Tw (basis of race addresses the disadvantage suffered by a particular racial group as) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.6217 Tw (a result of discriminatory practices or where the cultural identity of a particular) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0019 Tc 5.4914 Tw (racial group is recognised and protected by differential treatment, such) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0017 Tc 2.5367 Tw (beneficial measures will not constitute discrimination within the Convention.) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.002 Tc 2.1907 Tw (The purpose of General Recommendation XIV is to rebut the argument, not) Tj T* -0.0019 Tc 5.1753 Tw (unfamiliar in domestic deliberations within Australia on the meaning of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.1663 Tw (discrimination in the ) Tj 105.24 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0282 Tc 0.2802 Tw (Racial Discrimination Act) Tj 127.56 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.2679 Tw (, that all differential treatment on) Tj -250.8 -20.52 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (36) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc (37) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0025 Tc 0.0244 Tw (Trasnscript of Australia) Tj -5.4845 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0154 Tc 0.0066 Tw (s ) Tj 107.16 0 TD 0.0049 Tc 0.017 Tw (Hearing before the CERD Committee) Tj 152.4 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0148 Tc -0.0028 Tw (, Mr ) Tj 22.08 0 TD 0.0243 Tc -0.0123 Tw (Orr, Australian) Tj -281.64 -11.76 TD 0.0224 Tc -0.0104 Tw (representative in FAIRA, CERD Transcript, pp21-22.) Tj ET endstream endobj 59 0 obj 6169 endobj 56 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 57 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 58 0 R >> endobj 61 0 obj << /Length 62 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj -385.32 -35.88 TD 3.6 Tw (the basis of race is) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 113.04 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 3.6984 Tw (discriminatory. The definition of discrimination under) Tj -113.04 -14.16 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.5983 Tw (General Recommendation XIV allows differential treatment if its objectives and) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc -0.0171 Tw (purposes are consistent with those of the Convention.) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0037 Tc 0.1366 Tw (In seeking to determine whether an action has an effect contrary to the Convention,) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.0803 Tw (it \(the Committee\) will look to see whether that action has an unjustifiable disparate) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.0873 Tw (impact upon a group distinguished by race\205) Tj 200.64 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (38) Tj -218.64 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.002 Tc 1.1762 Tw (General Recommendation XIV is not a means by which the implementation of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (government ) Tj 62.52 0 TD -0.0021 Tc 1.2261 Tw (policy which results in a negative disparate impact on a particular) Tj -62.52 -14.16 TD 0.0037 Tc 2.9039 Tw (racial group can, nonetheless, be acceptable if it is a reasonable in all the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0022 Tc 10.7807 Tw (circumstances and adopts proportionate means. Nor does General) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.328 Tw (Recommendation XIV provide a margin of appreciation to States in meeting) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.54 Tw (their obligations under the Convention. Its purpose is to ensure that measures) Tj T* 0 Tc 0.8618 Tw (which do recognise and protect cultural identity and practices are not classified) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.2229 Tw (as discrimination merely because they treat people differently. ) Tj 311.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0.36 Tw (It cannot be said,) Tj -311.64 -14.04 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.3755 Tw (and the government has not demonstrated in either its submissions to the CERD) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0114 Tc 3.4914 Tw (Committee or its submissions to the present Committee, that the disparate) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.002 Tc 3.9401 Tw (impact of the four abovementioned sets of provisions can be justified by) Tj T* 2.542 Tw (reference to the aims of CERD ie to overcome racial discrimination and to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (protect the cultural identity of Indigenous people.) Tj -18 -28.08 TD (2.) Tj 9.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 8.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 3.48 Tw (The government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0053 Tc 3.4853 Tw (s second point of rebuttal against the CERD Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.2388 Tw (decision is that the Committee failed to take account of the range of measures) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (contained in the whole of the act that ) Tj -6.72 Tc (\221) Tj -0.0097 Tc 0.0364 Tw (purport to treat native title in a way that is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0022 Tc 2.6498 Tw (different or takes account of the special nature of native title) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 326.64 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (39) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 2.76 Tw (. Rather the) Tj -333.6 -14.04 TD -0.0041 Tc 2.2741 Tw (Committee merely focused on the way in which the original NTA had been) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.2 Tw (amended as a result of the ) Tj 133.2 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0334 Tc 0.4054 Tw (Native Title Amendment Act, 1998) Tj 169.56 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.36 Tw (, \() Tj 11.88 0 TD 0 Tw (Cth\). ) Tj 29.52 0 TD 0.36 Tw (While I do) Tj -344.16 -14.16 TD -0.0019 Tc 3.6019 Tw (not intend to deal with each of the differential measures identified in the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (government) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc 3.12 Tw (s submission as ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.003 Tc 3.143 Tw (provisions that recognise the unique nature of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.002 Tc 2.414 Tw (native title rights and go beyond the requirements of formal equality) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 363.48 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (40) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.03 Tc 2.55 Tw ( it is) Tj -370.44 -14.04 TD -0.0037 Tc 2.1855 Tw (important to establish the criterion by which these measures can be assessed) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (against Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc -0.03 Tw (s international obligations under CERD.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD 3.996 Tw (As discussed above, the fundamental criterion put forward by the CERD) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0133 Tw (Committee in General Recommendation XIV as to whether differential treatment) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.8127 Tw (complies with CERD is whether its objectives and purposes are consistent with) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 3.96 Tw (the aims of the Convention; namely overcoming racial discrimination and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (protecting cultural identity.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.4818 Tw (Many of the measures identified by the government as responding to the unique) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.6558 Tw (nature of native title rights, fail to address this criterion. The majority of the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.62 Tw (measures identified in the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0037 Tc 1.6838 Tw (s submission provide the machinery by) Tj T* -0.002 Tc 1.934 Tw (which native title is incorporated into the property law of Australia.) Tj 352.44 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 2.04 Tw (Thus in) Tj -358.08 -14.16 TD 2.52 Tw (relation to measures that establish ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 2.56 Tw (special tribunals to deal with native title) Tj -18 -20.52 TD 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 124.56 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 113.88 TD /F0 6 Tf (38) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0087 Tc 0 Tw (Ibid) Tj 16.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0423 Tc -0.0903 Tw (, para 2.) Tj -51.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (39) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0079 Tc 0.0141 Tw (Proof Committee Hansard) Tj 107.04 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0116 Tc 0.0236 Tw (, Ms ) Tj 22.2 0 TD 0.0386 Tc -0.0266 Tw (Horner, ) Tj 35.64 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0193 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit) Tj 23.28 0 TD 0.0433 Tc -0.0214 Tw (, ) Tj 6.36 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0277 Tc -0.0457 Tw ( p156. The range of measures referred to by) Tj -194.52 -11.76 TD 0.0207 Tc -0.0221 Tw (the government can be found at Submission No 24\(b\), ) Tj 224.88 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0177 Tc 0.0397 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.8 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0146 Tc -0.0026 Tw ( pp 2-4) Tj -292.08 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (40) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0175 Tc -0.0055 Tw (Submission No 24\(b\), ) Tj 92.88 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0104 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit,) Tj 26.64 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.06 Tc -0.108 Tw ( p2) Tj ET endstream endobj 62 0 obj 6822 endobj 60 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 57 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 61 0 R >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Length 65 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj -385.32 -35.88 TD (matters) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (,) Tj 43.8 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (41) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0023 Tc 6.2156 Tw ( there is no particular requirement that these tribunals meet) Tj -50.76 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj -0.002 Tc 1.5086 Tw (s obligation to overcome racial discrimination or protect the cultural) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.56 Tw (identity of Indigenous people.) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 156.48 0 TD 1.56 Tw (Measures that emphasise ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 1.56 Tw (low cost, expeditious) Tj -156.48 -14.16 TD 5.244 Tw (and informal proceedings to reduce the cost of establishing claims and) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.1111 Tw (encourage the use of agreements) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 164.28 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (42) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0062 Tc 0.109 Tw ( similarly have no substantial impact upon the) Tj -171.24 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1 Tw (level of protection afforded native title interests compared with non-Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.0618 Tw (interests but merely ensure that the machinery is in place to incorporate native) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.005 Tc 0.005 Tw (title into the legal system.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD 0 Tc 2.04 Tw (Measures that emphasise ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.003 Tc 2.097 Tw (agreements through negotiation and mediation) Tj -6.72 Tc 8.88 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0055 Tc 1.6505 Tw (provide the machinery for enforceable agreements between parties to a native) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 3.12 Tw (title claim) Tj 51.96 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (43) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0039 Tc 3.2039 Tw (, do not in themselves meet Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 3.24 Tw (s international obligation.) Tj -58.92 -14.04 TD 1.54 Tw (What is significant in terms of Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0071 Tc 1.6871 Tw (s international obligations is whether) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.09 Tw (the bargaining power of ) Tj 121.56 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.1758 Tw (Indigenous parties to a native title agreement is equal to) Tj -121.56 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 3.36 Tw (that of non-Indigenous parties. There is no measure in the amended NTA) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (identified in the government) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s ) Tj 150.72 0 TD -0.006 Tc 0.006 Tw (submission which addresses this requirement.) Tj -150.72 -28.2 TD 0 Tc 3.6514 Tw (In relation to measures identified in the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0133 Tc 3.7333 Tw (s submission that are) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.5961 Tw (intended to protect native title interests the significant question is whether the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.6318 Tw (level of protection provided to native title under the amended NTA is sufficient) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.48 Tw (to meet Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0043 Tc 0.5743 Tw (s international obligations. In order to determine this question) Tj T* 0 Tc 2.2246 Tw (two factors need to be taken into account. Firstly, the nature of the interest) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (requiring protection and secondly the extent of the threat affecting the interest.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD 3.24 Tw (The provision ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0052 Tc 3.3325 Tw (to those who claim native title as well as those who have) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.8 Tw (established they have native title) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 170.04 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (44) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 1.8 Tw ( of ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 1.86 Tw (special national procedural rights \(that) Tj -177 -14.04 TD -0.0019 Tc 2.9927 Tw (are not available in relation to other forms of property\) to ensure there is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0064 Tc 2.2464 Tw (consultation about mining and other activity on native title land) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 334.56 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (45) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 2.28 Tw (, will only) Tj -341.52 -14.04 TD 3 Tw (meet Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0021 Tc 3.0471 Tw (s international obligation if it effectively protects native title) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.0028 Tw (interests against mining and other developments.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0036 Tc 1.7676 Tw (In determining whether the right to negotiate provisions as amended provides) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.9017 Tw (sufficient protection to native title from the destructive impact of mining and) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.08 Tw (other developments, the Committee was entitled to compare the amended right) Tj T* -0.0034 Tc 0.4616 Tw (to negotiate provisions with the level of protection that was previously provided) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.0217 Tw (to native title in the same situations under the original NTA.) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.004 Tc 0.628 Tw (The Government report explains that the) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 190.32 0 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.6584 Tw (right to negotiate provisions were merely) Tj -190.32 -12.84 TD 0.0182 Tc 0.6298 Tw (being ) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0153 Tc (streamlined) Tj -6.1056 Tc 6.8736 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0024 Tc 0.7704 Tw (or ) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0192 Tc (reworked) Tj -6.1056 Tc 6.8736 Tw (\222 ) Tj -0.0035 Tc 0.7865 Tw (but I think this may mask the substantial nature) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0052 Tc 2.4059 Tw (of the changes made in those provisions. The amended Act alters the right to) Tj T* 0.003 Tc 3.285 Tw (negotiate in, I believe three fundamental ways and I would like to hear the) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0091 Tc 0 Tw (Government) Tj -6.1056 Tc (\222) Tj -0 Tc -0.072 Tw (s response.) Tj 0 -25.8 TD 0.0031 Tc -0.1351 Tw (First of all, it rescinds altogether the right to negotiate in certain circumstances.) Tj -36 -27.48 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 136.32 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 125.52 TD /F0 6 Tf (41) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0151 Tc -0.0031 Tw ( point 4, p2) Tj -51.6 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (42) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0089 Tc 0.0031 Tw (, point 5, p3) Tj -51.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (43) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0259 Tc -0.0619 Tw (, points 4,5 & 6, p3) Tj -51.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (44) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0089 Tc 0.0031 Tw (, point 2, p3) Tj -51.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (45) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0151 Tc -0.0031 Tw ( point 1, p3) Tj ET endstream endobj 65 0 obj 6996 endobj 63 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 57 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 64 0 R >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Length 68 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj -367.32 -34.92 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0015 Tc 0.5425 Tw (Second, it reduces the scope of the right to negotiate to a right of consultation and) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.6571 Tw (objection in certain other circumstances, and it authorises States and Territories to) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0067 Tc -0.0653 Tw (replace the right with their own regimes. Mr ) Tj 204.96 0 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0667 Tw (Orr you spoke of this.) Tj -204.96 -25.8 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.2162 Tw (The amended Act effectively rescinds the right to negotiate in certain instances, the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0046 Tc 2.7859 Tw (amendments allow States and Territories to introduce an alternative provisions) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0057 Tc 1.3191 Tw (replacing that right with a lesser right of consultation and objection ) Tj -4.3056 Tc 5.6736 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0048 Tc 1.2432 Tw (where this) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0081 Tc 2.7761 Tw (provision applies, native title claimants are provided with a right to object to) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.0491 Tw (various land use activities and they have a corresponding right to be consulted when) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.6635 Tw (determining whether there may be ways to minimise environmental and other land) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc -0.0737 Tw (use impacts.) Tj 0 -25.8 TD -0.0027 Tc 1.6292 Tw (Unlike the right to negotiate, however, the government is not required to act in) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0085 Tc 1.3595 Tw (good faith) Tj 46.92 0 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.4897 Tw (, a very specific standard which can otherwise invalidate actions when) Tj -46.92 -12.96 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.1052 Tw (there is a right to negotiate attached to it.) Tj 0 -25.8 TD -0 Tc 2.6967 Tw (Nor does the validity, as I said, of the grant being sought depend on proper) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0 Tc 0.7082 Tw (consultation having taken place ) Tj -4.3056 Tc 5.0736 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0027 Tc 0.7119 Tw (the right to consult and object is clearly a lesser) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0015 Tc -0.0705 Tw (procedural right.) Tj 75.96 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (46) Tj -93.96 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0039 Tc 2.5754 Tw (On the basis of a comparison of the right to negotiate before and after the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.35 Tw (amendments, the Committee was able to measure the extent to which, under the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0019 Tc 1.1558 Tw (amended NTA, native title is exposed to the threat posed by mining and other) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 1.6218 Tw (developments. It concluded that the amended right to negotiate provisions did) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.0517 Tw (not provide sufficient protection to native title and failed to meet the standards) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0109 Tc 1.3309 Tw (set by CERD. The Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 1.425 Tw (s view concurs with the view expressed by the) Tj T* -0.0036 Tc 2.897 Tw (acting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.288 Tw (chapter 3 of the 1998 ) Tj 110.04 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0282 Tc 0.4602 Tw (Native Title Report) Tj 93.96 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.006 Tc 0.4174 Tw ( and chapter 3 of the 1999 ) Tj 135.96 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0295 Tc 0.5215 Tw (Native Title) Tj -339.96 -14.04 TD -0.0274 Tc 0 Tw (Report.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 2.6 Tw (Another protective measure identified in the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0075 Tc 2.6475 Tw (s submission is the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.06 Tw (provision of ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0079 Tc 0.1279 Tw (organisations to assist native title holders to establish and deal with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.32 Tw (native title) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 56.88 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (47) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0022 Tc 1.3342 Tw (. As indicated previously the provision of machinery to deal with) Tj -63.84 -14.04 TD -0.0037 Tc 2.6095 Tw (native title is not of itself sufficient to meet the aims of the Convention in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.435 Tw (overcoming racial discrimination and protecting Indigenous culture. What needs) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.9945 Tw (to be established is that such organisations are adequately funded and managed) Tj T* -0.0086 Tc 0.9986 Tw (in order to provide protection to native title interests. This is not demonstrated) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (in the government) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj -0.01 Tc 0.01 Tw (s submission.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD 0.0018 Tc 1.0542 Tw (A further category of measures, which the government identifies as addressing) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0028 Tc 0.1228 Tw (historical extinguishment of native title rights) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0077 Tc 0.2477 Tw (, includes the restitution of native) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0081 Tc 4.1281 Tw (title pursuant to s47B of the NTA. Section 47B provides that in certain) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 3.24 Tw (circumstances native title claimants may apply for a determination on land) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.7333 Tw (where native title would otherwise have been extinguished \(including scheduled) Tj T* 1.68 Tw (interests under the Act) Tj 115.92 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (48) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 1.695 Tw (\) because of previous Crown grants. The section will) Tj -140.88 -27.6 TD 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 136.32 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 125.52 TD /F0 6 Tf (46) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0068 Tc 0.0152 Tw (Report by Ms G ) Tj 68.04 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0 Tw (McDougall) Tj 45.48 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0158 Tc -0.0038 Tw (, Country Rapporteur, to the 1323) Tj 140.64 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0.03 Tc 0 Tw (rd) Tj 5.28 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0044 Tc 0.0076 Tw ( meeting of the Committee in) Tj -259.44 -11.64 TD 0.017 Tc -0.0221 Tw (the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 12 March 1999) Tj -35.4 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0175 Tc -0.0055 Tw (Submission No 24\(b\), ) Tj 92.88 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0104 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit,) Tj 26.64 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0.0103 Tw ( point 5, p2) Tj -155.52 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (48) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.016 Tc -0.011 Tw (That is, grants which are included in the Schedule to the Act as a result of the 1998) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0346 Tc -0.0226 Tw (Amendment Act) Tj ET endstream endobj 68 0 obj 6452 endobj 66 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 57 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 67 0 R >> endobj 70 0 obj << /Length 71 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (17) Tj -385.32 -35.88 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.2757 Tw (only apply where the area is presently vacant Crown land and is not subject to a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.28 Tw (reservation etc for a public or particular purpose or subject to a resumption) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (order.) Tj 30.24 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (49) Tj 6.96 0 TD 1.512 Tw ( ) Tj -0.048 Tw ( ) Tj 7.2 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0041 Tc 1.5741 Tw (In addition native title claimants must occupy the land at the time of) Tj -44.4 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (application.) Tj 57.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (50) Tj -57.36 -33.12 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0057 Tc 2.1196 Tw (There is no doubt that s47B provides protection to native title where it may) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.144 Tw (otherwise be vulnerable to permanent extinguishment at common law or through) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 2.9467 Tw (the confirmation provisions of the NTA \(where the confirmation provisions) Tj T* 5.448 Tw (extend beyond the common law\). The issue that concerned the CERD) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0052 Tc 0.1152 Tw (Committee is whether the protection of native title through the NTA is sufficient) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 2.16 Tw (to meet Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0023 Tc 2.1473 Tw (s international obligations. The fact that the provision may) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.4307 Tw (provide some protection against extinguishment of native title at common law is) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.0035 Tw (not itself determinative of this issue.) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0087 Tc 0.6993 Tw (Because much of the government) Tj -6.2256 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0014 Tc 0.8444 Tw (s argument is that its actions have been justified) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.5099 Tw (because they meet the standard of the common law, it is important to note that the) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0 Tc -0.1206 Tw (common law itself is racially ) Tj 133.44 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (discriminatory.) Tj -133.44 -25.8 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.0996 Tw (As defined by the High Court in the ) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0511 Tw (Mabo decision, under common law, native title) Tj -165.6 -12.96 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.0359 Tw (is a vulnerable property right, it is inferior to sovereign title which has the power to) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0108 Tc -0.0612 Tw (extinguish native title without notice, consent or compensation\205) Tj 290.88 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (51) Tj -308.88 -32.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 2.52 Tw (As indicated previously, the level of protection required) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 299.16 0 TD 2.64 Tw (to meet Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc (s) Tj -299.16 -14.16 TD 1.0255 Tw (international obligations under CERD depends on the nature of native title and) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.5493 Tw (the extent of the threat that is posed to its existence. The extent to which native) Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 2.9557 Tw (title is vulnerable to extinguishment at common law is a relevant factor in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.56 Tw (determining the appropriate level of protection required by the legislation.) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 384 0 TD (As) Tj -384 -14.04 TD -0.0059 Tc 2.8397 Tw (yet this issue has not been finally decided by the High Court although the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.4435 Tw (majority Full Federal Court decision in) Tj 200.16 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0163 Tc 1.4854 Tw ( Western Australia v Ben Ward & Ors) Tj -200.16 -14.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0019 Tc 2.0819 Tw ([2000] FCA 191 constructs native title as a very vulnerable bundle of rights) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.344 Tw (each of which is extinguished permanently where its enjoyment is inconsistent) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (with the enjoyment of non-Indigenous interests.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.011 Tw (Rather than seeing this development in the common law as a basis for alleviating) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.1554 Tw (governments of their duty to Indigenous titleholders under international law, it) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 0.8527 Tw (places a greater onus on governments to provide additional protection to native) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.002 Tc 0.002 Tw (title in order to overcome the discriminatory effect of the common law.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD -0.0036 Tc 0.142 Tw (Section 47B allows for the restoration of native title on vacant Crown land when) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.6492 Tw (specific criteria are met by claimants. There is of no benefit from s47B to) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0019 Tc 2.5981 Tw (claimants who have been forced off their land by historical grants, and are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.7846 Tw (therefore unable to occupy their land. The protection of 47B is not available to) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.4523 Tw (claimants where the government has any proposal for use of the land, either for) Tj T* -0.0039 Tc 0.6693 Tw (public benefit or for the benefit of third parties. Claimants whose title) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 354.72 0 TD (co-exists) Tj -354.72 -14.16 TD (on pastoral leasehold land will receive no benefit from the provision.) Tj -18 -36.96 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (49) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0246 Tc -0.0125 Tw (Section 47B\(1\)\(a\)&\(b\), NTA) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0253 Tc -0.0133 Tw (Section 47B\(1\)\(9c\), NTA) Tj -36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (51) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0192 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Australian Country Rapporteur, ) Tj 133.44 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0177 Tc 0.0397 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.8 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0305 Tc -0.0485 Tw ( Opening Remarks, pp 4-5.) Tj ET endstream endobj 71 0 obj 5728 endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 57 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 70 0 R >> endobj 73 0 obj << /Length 74 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD (3.) Tj 9.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 8.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0056 Tc 0.8456 Tw (The third point of rebuttal by the government to the CERD decision is that the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0073 Tc 0.6257 Tw (Committee did not allow a margin of appreciation in legislating in such a novel) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0045 Tc 3.8845 Tw (area of the law. This argument is dealt with in the submission of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 371.28 0 TD (Ernst) Tj -371.28 -14.16 TD -0.0019 Tc 1.4519 Tw (Willheim. I wish only to add a further decision which, although concerning a) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (State) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0039 Tc 0.2531 Tw (s obligations under Article 27 of ICCPR, is relevant to the extent to which) Tj T* 0 Tc 2.1709 Tw (States are permitted a margin of appreciation where the pursuit of economic) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.0943 Tw (activities is inconsistent with the culture and tradition of Indigenous people. In) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0057 Tc 2.5377 Tw (relation to Article 27 the Human Rights Committee expressed the following) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (view.) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc 2.0641 Tw (A State may understandably wish to encourage development or allow economic) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.7933 Tw (activity by enterprises. The scope of its freedom to do so is not to be assessed by) Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 1.7539 Tw (reference to a margin of appreciation, but by reference to the obligations it has) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0 Tc 0.6049 Tw (undertaken in article 27. Article 27 requires that a member of a minority shall not) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.4737 Tw (be denied his right to enjoy his culture. Thus, measures whose impact amount to a) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0069 Tc 1.9103 Tw (denial of the right will not be compatible with the obligations under article 27.) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0 Tc 0.2194 Tw (However, measures that have a certain limited impact on the way of life of persons) Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0.9709 Tw (belonging to a minority will not necessarily amount to a denial of the right under) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0106 Tc -0.0826 Tw (article 27.) Tj 45.84 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (52) Tj -81.84 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf (4.) Tj 9.96 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 8.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 4.44 Tw (The fourth point of rebuttal) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 160.56 0 TD -0.0157 Tc 4.5457 Tw (against the CERD Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 4.56 Tw (s finding of) Tj -160.56 -14.04 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.1195 Tw (discrimination is that past discrimination cannot be undone and the recognition) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0019 Tc 4.9219 Tw (and acknowledgment of past discriminatory practices is not, in itself, a) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (discriminatory act.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0052 Tc 1.0021 Tw (In dealing with this point it is necessary to understand the significance that the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0023 Tc 0.1909 Tw (Committee placed on overcoming past discrimination against ) Tj 304.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.24 Tw (Indigenous people.) Tj -304.32 -14.16 TD 0.004 Tc -0.004 Tw (Paragraph 3 of the decision states:) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0089 Tc 4.0169 Tw (3. The Committee) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 97.68 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 4.0299 Tw (recognizes that within the broad range of discriminatory) Tj -97.68 -12.84 TD -0.0044 Tc 1.9381 Tw (practices that have long been directed against Australia) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0048 Tc 1.9328 Tw (s Aboriginal and Torres) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0035 Tc 3.7715 Tw (Strait Islander peoples, the effects of Australia) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0116 Tc 3.8596 Tw (s racially discriminatory land) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.002 Tc 4.2023 Tw (practices have endured as an acute impairment of the rights of Australia) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0144 Tc (s) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0103 Tc -0.0617 Tw (indigenous communities.) Tj -18 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.008 Tc 0.632 Tw (Comments by Committee member Mr Van) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 218.16 0 TD -0.005 Tc 0.725 Tw (Boven reflect the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 0.72 Tw (s view) Tj -218.16 -14.04 TD 0.0327 Tw (that, in formulating the amendments to the NTA, the Australian Government did) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 5.34 Tw (not recognise or acknowledge the impact of the historical treatment of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (Indigenous people.) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc 3.6781 Tw (I would have liked in fact if the government) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 235.44 0 TD -0.0061 Tc 3.7741 Tw (would have made an explicit) Tj -235.44 -12.96 TD -0 Tc 1.1416 Tw (recognition and acknowledgment that the Aboriginals have been marginalised and) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0057 Tc 0.2177 Tw (disadvantaged over the years and over the decades and over the centuries. And that) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0095 Tc 3.4375 Tw (their rights and their entitlements should be recognised in that light, in that) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.0068 Tw (perspective. So we can raise a smokescreen of definitions but we have to relate it to) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.7722 Tw (people\205 when we deal with human rights after all and issues of discrimination, it) Tj T* 0.0081 Tc -0.1521 Tw (relates to people and that should have been more explicitly stated.) Tj 296.76 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (53) Tj -332.76 -29.64 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (52) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0201 Tc -0.0081 Tw (Communication No. 511/1992: Finland. ) Tj 168.24 0 TD 0.0232 Tc -0.0112 Tw (Ilmari ) Tj 27.84 0 TD 0.0313 Tc -0.0993 Tw (Lansman et al. 08/11/94.) Tj -196.08 -11.76 TD 0.0286 Tc 0 Tw (CCPR/C/52/D/511/1992.) Tj -35.4 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc (53) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0235 Tc -0.0115 Tw (Mr Van ) Tj 35.4 0 TD 0.0406 Tc 0 Tw (Boven) Tj 25.8 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0026 Tw ( in FAIRA, CERD Transcript, ) Tj 128.76 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0225 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0333 Tc -0.0213 Tw ( p 43.) Tj ET endstream endobj 74 0 obj 6192 endobj 72 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 57 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 73 0 R >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 78 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (19) Tj -385.32 -50.04 TD -0.005 Tc 4.775 Tw (In contrast to the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0067 Tc 4.9267 Tw (s views that past discrimination should be) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0055 Tc 4.486 Tw (addressed, the Australian government representatives appearing before the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0038 Tc 1.7853 Tw (Committee argued that the injustices of the past cannot be undone and that a) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0036 Tc 0.4559 Tw (State Party is not required to do this under the Convention. Accordingly, it was) Tj T* 0 Tc 1.5 Tw (argued, the validation and confirmation provisions of the amended NTA were) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (not ) Tj 18.96 0 TD (discriminatory:) Tj -0.96 -25.92 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0029 Tc -0.0291 Tw (There is an issue for Australia as to whether it can go back and undo discriminatory) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0023 Tc 0.5858 Tw (actions which have taken place in the period since settlement and before the) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 353.4 0 TD -0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Mabo) Tj -353.4 -12.96 TD -0.0021 Tc -0.0699 Tw (decision in 1992\205 I think it) Tj -6.2256 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0027 Tc 0.0147 Tw (s an issue that needs to inform our discussion about the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0083 Tc -0.0637 Tw (validation regimes and the confirmation regime\205) Tj 222.84 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (54) Tj -222.84 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc 1.4545 Tw (It is necessary to recognise that past acts, historical acts and the effects of these) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0037 Tc 2.6317 Tw (cannot be undone\205 Past acts, however discriminatory, which have resulted in) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0108 Tc 0.1788 Tw (dispossession of Australia) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0038 Tc 0.1568 Tw (s Indigenous people cannot be undone, though of course,) Tj T* 0.0054 Tc 2.2626 Tw (present and future policies can remedy the effects, the current effects, of such) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0232 Tc 0 Tw (acts\205.) Tj 30.6 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc (55) Tj -30.6 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0033 Tc 1.6147 Tw (\(The validation regime\)\205 is much more limited than the regime in the \(original) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.1024 Tw (Native Title Act\)\205 \(This regime\) only provides for validation of acts between 1993) Tj T* -0.0017 Tc 1.139 Tw (and 1996\205 with regard to this validation regime we are talking about things that) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0 Tc 1.1383 Tw (happened in the past, between 1993 and 1996. In acknowledging and recognising) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0029 Tc 1.7309 Tw (things that happened in the past the government doesn) Tj -6.2256 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0089 Tc 1.7671 Tw (t believe that it is acting) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0113 Tc 0 Tw (discriminatorily.) Tj 74.76 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc (56) Tj -74.76 -30.48 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.855 Tw (\(The Native Title Act\) protects native title much more than the common law does) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0066 Tc 0.1746 Tw (but what the Native Title Act doesn) Tj -6.2256 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0092 Tc 0.2706 Tw (t and Australia believes that it is not obliged to) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0019 Tc -0.0851 Tw (do is to go back and undo the past\205.) Tj 167.16 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (57) Tj -167.16 -30.36 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0089 Tc 0.8969 Tw (The government) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0105 Tc 0.9251 Tw (s position is that the confirmation regime provides no divestment) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.5601 Tw (of native title rights. It is simply a recognition of the historical position that native) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.5753 Tw (title has been extinguished by grants of freehold and leasehold\205 over the past 200) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.5065 Tw (years\205 The Australian government believes it is not contrary to CERD to confirm) Tj T* -0.012 Tc 2.376 Tw (this historical position\205 The provisions are simply an acknowledgment of past) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.9836 Tw (dispossession and extinguishment and the government does not believe that this is) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0032 Tc -0.0688 Tw (contrary, as I said, to CERD.) Tj 133.8 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (58) Tj -151.8 -31.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.6 Tw (The Australian Country Rapporteur) Tj 176.64 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (59) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.6533 Tw ( noted that there is some merit in the view) Tj -183.6 -14.04 TD 4.68 Tw (that one cannot undo that which has already been done.) Tj 314.52 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (60) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 4.74 Tw ( However the) Tj -321.48 -14.04 TD 0.2 Tw (acknowledgment and recognition that one gives to past acts of injustice are quite) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (another matter.) Tj -18 -25.2 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 195 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 184.32 TD /F0 6 Tf (54) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0145 Tc -0.0025 Tw (FAIRA, CERD Transcript, ) Tj 115.08 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0225 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0144 Tc 0.0264 Tw ( Mr ) Tj 18.72 0 TD 0.0396 Tc 0 Tw (Orrp) Tj 19.68 0 TD 0.0244 Tc -0.0124 Tw ( 21.) Tj -221.4 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (55) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0288 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 2.76 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0087 Tc (bid,) Tj 16.2 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0033 Tc 0.0087 Tw ( p 23.) Tj -54.96 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (56) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0244 Tc -0.0124 Tw (, pp 28-29.) Tj -51.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (57) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0028 Tc 0 Tw (ibid,) Tj 18.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0033 Tc 0.0087 Tw ( p 31.) Tj -54.96 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (58) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0122 Tc 1.8958 Tw (, p 33. See also Australia) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0095 Tc 1.9225 Tw (s written report: Committee on the Elimination of Racial) Tj -15.6 -11.76 TD 0.013 Tc -0.001 Tw (Discrimination, ) Tj 67.2 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0.4267 Tw (Additional information pursuant to Committee Decision: Australia) Tj 272.52 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc -0.0612 Tw (, ) Tj 6.84 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0193 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit) Tj 23.28 0 TD 0.0433 Tc (..) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0732 Tc (,) Tj -376.56 -11.64 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0285 Tw (para 37.) Tj -35.4 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (59) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0185 Tc -0.0065 Tw (The Country Rapporteur is the committee membe) Tj 203.28 0 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.0096 Tw (r who leads the Committee in its) Tj -203.28 -11.76 TD 0.024 Tc -0.06 Tw (consideration and questioning of the country.) Tj -35.4 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (60) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0145 Tc -0.0025 Tw (FAIRA, CERD Transcript, ) Tj 115.08 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0225 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.054 Tc 0.066 Tw ( Ms ) Tj 18.84 0 TD 0.0271 Tc 0 Tw (McDougall) Tj 45.96 0 TD 0.0653 Tc -0.1133 Tw (, p 60.) Tj ET endstream endobj 78 0 obj 7256 endobj 75 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 76 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 77 0 R >> endobj 80 0 obj << /Length 81 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj -367.32 -48.96 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0 Tc -0.007 Tw (The Australian government believes that it cannot go back and cure the injustices of) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0031 Tc 0.2769 Tw (the past. Of course there is some merit in that view. What concerns me however is) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0062 Tc 1.3622 Tw (that the validation and confirmation of extinguishment provisions in the amended) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.4024 Tw (Act\205 are provisions that do not only apply to the distant past. They appear to also) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0968 Tw (apply to actions that in some cases took place as recently as 1994 and 1996\205) Tj 347.76 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (61) Tj -347.76 -31.56 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0123 Tc 0.6203 Tw (I would welcome a discussion within the Committee about how we might continue) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.2657 Tw (our urgent deliberations on Australia) Tj -6.1056 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0055 Tc 0.3535 Tw (s Native Title Amendment Act\205 before other) Tj T* -0.0032 Tc -0.0048 Tw (rights get extinguished in such a way that they would be referred to as the injustices) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0898 Tw (of the past which cannot now be rendered right.) Tj 216.12 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (62) Tj -234.12 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0053 Tc 3.4553 Tw (In its justification of the provisions of the amended) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 284.88 0 TD 3.48 Tw (NTA which validated) Tj -284.88 -14.04 TD -0.0019 Tc 2.2274 Tw (intermediate period acts the government sought to draw an analogy with the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.5145 Tw (validation provisions in the original NTA. However, the bases of the enactment) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.2782 Tw (of each of these sets of provisions were quite different. One of the effects of the) Tj T* -0.0052 Tc 2.8852 Tw (High Court rejecting terra) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 143.28 0 TD -0.0133 Tc 2.8933 Tw (nullius in) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 54.96 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.066 Tc (Ma) Tj 15.96 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 3 Tw (bo \(No.2\) as a past discriminatory) Tj -214.2 -14.16 TD 2.41 Tw (practice, and recognising native title as a pre-existing right was that acts of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.4897 Tw (dispossession which failed to recognise the procedural or substantive rights of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.9 Tw (native title holders were, after the implementation of the) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 288.84 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0198 Tc 0.9918 Tw (Racial Discrimination) Tj -288.84 -14.04 TD -0.044 Tc 0.056 Tw (Act ) Tj 20.04 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0039 Tc 0.4839 Tw (Cth\) \(RDA\) in 1975, unlawful. The purpose of the validation provisions in) Tj -24 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.56 Tw (the original NTA was to validate these otherwise unlawful acts. Far from being) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 2.2938 Tw (a recognition that past injustices cannot be undone, the validation provisions) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.3987 Tw (were a response to the discontinuity which is created when injustices of the past) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (are, for the first time, legally recognised as such.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD -0.0019 Tc 1.6019 Tw (The validation of intermediate period acts in the amended NTA took place in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.7057 Tw (very different circumstances. The failure of states and territories to observe the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.696 Tw (substantive and procedural rights of native) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 216.24 0 TD -0.004 Tc 0.724 Tw (title holders between 1994 and 1996) Tj -216.24 -14.04 TD 0.002 Tc 3.308 Tw (cannot be seen as an anomaly created by the belated denunciation of past) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0019 Tc 6.7519 Tw (injustice. In granting mining tenements on pastoral leaseholds without) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.6 Tw (negotiating with native) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 117.24 0 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.6096 Tw (title holders, states knowingly took a risk that these acts) Tj -117.24 -14.16 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.4339 Tw (would be unlawful if the High Court found \(as it did\) that native title co-existed) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.44 Tw (on pastoral leasehold land.) Tj 135.36 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (63) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.006 Tc 1.4727 Tw ( The Committee did not accept that acts that took) Tj -142.32 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.336 Tw (place between 1994 and 1996 could conveniently be dismissed as ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 0.36 Tw (actions of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tw (past) Tj -6.72 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD 1.56 Tw (The Government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0047 Tc 1.5647 Tw (s argument that the confirmation provisions comply with the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 2.27 Tw (standards of the common law was also considered to be unacceptable to the) Tj -18 -18.24 TD 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 218.4 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 207.72 TD /F0 6 Tf (61) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.054 Tc 0.066 Tw (Ms ) Tj 15.84 0 TD 0.0271 Tc 0 Tw (McDougall) Tj 45.96 0 TD 0.0146 Tc -0.0026 Tw ( in FAIRA, CERD Transcript, ) Tj 128.88 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0225 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0333 Tc -0.0213 Tw ( p 60.) Tj -258.6 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (62) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0173 Tc -0.0053 Tw (, p 61.) Tj -51.6 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (63) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0104 Tc 0.0016 Tw (Prior to the High Court) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0055 Tc 0.0065 Tw (s decision in ) Tj 153.6 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0174 Tc 0.0394 Tw (Wik v ) Tj 25.92 0 TD 0.0042 Tc 0 Tw (Queensland) Tj 47.76 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0102 Tc 0.0018 Tw (\(1996\) 187 CLR 1, \() Tj 84.96 0 TD 0.0188 Tc -0.0068 Tw (Wik\), state) Tj -312.24 -11.76 TD 0.0211 Tc -0.0419 Tw (governments carried out many acts on pastoral leasehold land without negotiating with) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0141 Tc -0.0021 Tw (native title holders. As a result of the ) Tj 155.64 0 TD 0.0147 Tc -0.0027 Tw (Wik decision, which found that native title co-existed) Tj -155.64 -11.76 TD 0.0211 Tc -0.0091 Tw (on pastoral leasehold land, these acts were invalid. ) Tj 211.2 0 TD 0.02 Tc -0.008 Tw (The amended NTA validated these) Tj -211.2 -11.76 TD 0.0214 Tc -0.0179 Tw (invalid acts, called intermediate period acts. \(Part 2 Division 2A\) The effect of the) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0221 Tc -0.0186 Tw (validation of intermediate period acts depended on whether they were category A, B, or C) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0244 Tc -0.0364 Tw (intermediate period acts. \(see ss203A ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 3.8364 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0332 Tc -0.0812 Tw (232E\) The grant of ) Tj 245.64 0 TD 0.0269 Tc -0.0549 Tw (a freehold or exclusive) Tj -245.64 -11.76 TD 0.0218 Tc -0.027 Tw (leasehold had the effect of extinguishing native title. The grant of a non-exclusive lease has) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0192 Tc -0.0232 Tw (the effect of extinguishing native title to the extent of the inconsistency. The grant of a) Tj T* 0.0134 Tc -0.0014 Tw (mining lease does not extinguish native title.) Tj ET endstream endobj 81 0 obj 7256 endobj 79 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 76 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 80 0 R >> endobj 83 0 obj << /Length 84 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (21) Tj -385.32 -35.88 TD 4.89 Tw (Committee. The importance of acknowledging the historical treatment of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0072 Tc 0.7572 Tw (Indigenous people as unjust was influential to the Committee in this regard. As) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.0033 Tw (the Australian Country Rapporteur noted:) Tj 18 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0047 Tc 1.7567 Tw (Since\205 European settlement\205 the native land rights of Aboriginal peoples have) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0033 Tc -0.0987 Tw (been systematically undermined\205 \(Terra ) Tj 188.16 0 TD -0.0058 Tc -0.0062 Tw (nullius\) completely discounted the cultural) Tj -188.16 -12.84 TD -0.011 Tc -0.076 Tw (value of Aborigines traditional and complex land distribution system\205) Tj 0 -25.92 TD 0.0087 Tc 0.6993 Tw (Because much of the government) Tj -6.2256 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0014 Tc 0.8444 Tw (s argument is that its actions have been justified) Tj 0 -12.84 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.5099 Tw (because they meet the standard of the common law, it is important to note that the) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0 Tc -0.1206 Tw (common law itself is racially ) Tj 133.44 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (discriminatory.) Tj -133.44 -25.8 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.0996 Tw (As defined by the High Court in the ) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0511 Tw (Mabo decision, under common law, native title) Tj -165.6 -12.96 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.0359 Tw (is a vulnerable property right, it is inferior to sovereign title which has the power to) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0108 Tc -0.0612 Tw (extinguish native title without notice, consent or compensation\205) Tj 290.88 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (64) Tj -308.88 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.12 Tw (As indicated above the Committee rejected the argument that the common law is) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 5.016 Tw (the standard against which actions by Government should be judged as) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 3.54 Tw (discriminatory or non-discriminatory. The common law cannot constitute a) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 1.56 Tw (benchmark of equality where it fails to meet Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.006 Tc 1.566 Tw (s obligations under the) Tj T* -0.0019 Tc 0.9292 Tw (Convention. As discussed previously s47B of the amended NTA is an example) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.84 Tw (of a) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 24.12 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.8678 Tw (provision which does seek to undo the discriminatory practices, upheld by) Tj -24.12 -14.04 TD -0.0054 Tc 1.0654 Tw (the common law, of the past extinguishment of native title by inconsistent acts) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0038 Tc 2.1838 Tw (of the Crown. The issue is not whether past discriminatory practices can be) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0021 Tc 2.2636 Tw (undone but whether the measures taken to do this in the amended NTA are) Tj T* -0.0021 Tc 1.3907 Tw (sufficient to meet our international obligations. The Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 1.44 Tw (s decision was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.2509 Tw (that the amended NTA does not provide sufficient protective measures to ensure) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.012 Tw (that native title interests are equal to those of non-Indigenous interests.) Tj -18 -28.44 TD /F6 12 Tf 0 Tw (ii\)) Tj 36 0 TD (The principle of effective participation of ) Tj 210.36 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0.0141 Tw (Indigenous peoples) Tj -246.36 -28.32 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 3.84 Tw (In determining whether the amendments to the NTA were) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 322.32 0 TD 3.84 Tw (discriminatory the) Tj -322.32 -14.04 TD -0.002 Tc 4.3547 Tw (Committee was not only concerned with the standards of equality and non-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.3344 Tw (discrimination contained in the Convention, but also with the procedure by which) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.002 Tc 5.198 Tw (the amendments were settled. In this regard the Committee asked whether) Tj T* 0 Tc 3.624 Tw (Indigenous people had participated in the formulation of the amendments and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.4111 Tw (whether the amendments were acceptable to the Indigenous people whose rights are) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0018 Tc 2.9545 Tw (directly affected by them. The unequivocal answer to these questions was that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.85 Tw (Indigenous people did not give their consent to the amendments and that their) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 1.83 Tw (participation in the process ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0028 Tc 1.9228 Tw (had not been given the legitimacy by the Australian) Tj T* 0.0083 Tc 2.6317 Tw (Government that [they] expected.) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 176.4 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (65) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 6.24 0 TD -0.0035 Tc 2.6778 Tw (This was made quite clear by the National) Tj -189.6 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.788 Tw (Indigenous Working Group the day before the legislation passed through Federal) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (Parliament on 8 July 1998:) Tj 132.84 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf (66) Tj -96.84 -31.2 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0189 Tc 2.2411 Tw (\205We confirm that we have not been consulted in relation to the contents of the Bill,) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0207 Tc 0.7713 Tw (particularly in regard to the agreement negotiated between the Prime Minister and Senator) Tj -36 -31.56 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (64) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 29.4 0 TD 0.0184 Tc -0.0064 Tw (Australian Country Rapporteur, Opening Remarks, ) Tj 213 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0177 Tc 0.0397 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.8 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0444 Tc -0.0324 Tw ( pp 4-5.) Tj -280.2 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (65) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (Hansard,) Tj 38.4 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0136 Tc -0.0016 Tw ( Senate, 7 July 1998, p 4352) Tj -74.4 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (66) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0266 Tc -0.0146 Tw (, pp 4352-54) Tj ET endstream endobj 84 0 obj 6018 endobj 82 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 76 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F6 37 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 83 0 R >> endobj 86 0 obj << /Length 87 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (22) Tj -367.32 -33.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0315 Tc (Harradine) Tj 40.92 0 TD 0.0127 Tc 1.7618 Tw (, and that we have not given consent to the Bill in any form which might be) Tj -40.92 -11.76 TD 0.0159 Tc -0.0039 Tw (construed as sanction to its passage into Australian law.) Tj 0 -23.4 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.5853 Tw (We have endeavoured to contribute during the past two years to the public deliberations of) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.012 Tc -0 Tw (Native Title entitlements in Australian law.) Tj 0 -23.52 TD 0.016 Tc 0.8453 Tw (Our participation has not been given the legitimacy by the Australian Government that we) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0278 Tc 2.2742 Tw (expected, and we remain disadvantaged and aggrieved by the failure of the Australian) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0185 Tc 2.1385 Tw (Government to properly integrate our expert counsel into the) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 271.68 0 TD 0.0331 Tc 0 Tw (lawmaking) Tj 44.52 0 TD 0.0176 Tc 2.1544 Tw ( procedures of) Tj -316.2 -11.76 TD 0.0351 Tc 0 Tw (government\205.) Tj 60.36 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc (67) Tj -96.36 -31.8 TD /F0 12 Tf 3.36 Tw (In finding that Australia had not allowed effective participation by Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.002 Tc 2.842 Tw (people in the formulation of the amendments to the NTA, the Committee was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 3.26 Tw (concerned that the power to approve or disapprove of the legislation was not) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.3704 Tw (appropriately located with Indigenous people whose rights were directly affected by) Tj T* -0.0061 Tc 1.6501 Tw (it. Even the Committee could not usurp the final responsibility which) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 362.04 0 TD (Indigenous) Tj -362.04 -14.16 TD 6.468 Tw (representatives had in deciding whether their people could live with the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0041 Tc 1.6841 Tw (amendments. In 1993 the Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0069 Tc 1.7211 Tw (s decision to support the original NTA was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 2.4171 Tw (largely as a result of the consent of) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 195.48 0 TD 2.52 Tw (Indigenous representatives. In 1999 it was) Tj -195.48 -14.04 TD -0.0045 Tc -0.0088 Tw (obvious to the Committee that this consent had been withdrawn.) Tj 36 -26.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0162 Tc 4.0649 Tw (Significantly, the original 1993 Act was the subject of extensive negotiations with) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.02 Tc -0.0264 Tw (indigenous groups and attracted the support from key members of some of those groups.) Tj 0 -23.52 TD 0.0201 Tc 0.1949 Tw (Indigenous groups have made it clear that they would not have supported the discriminatory) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0185 Tc 0.8935 Tw (provisions of the Act relating to the past, had the Act not been balanced by the beneficial) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0165 Tc -0.0145 Tw (provisions of the freehold standard and the right to negotiate in the future.) Tj 0 -23.52 TD 0.0181 Tc -0.0233 Tw (The original 1993 Act was considered in Australia) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0196 Tc -0.0076 Tw (s periodic report in 1993.) Tj T* 0.0178 Tc -0.0058 Tw (The Committee accepted that the original Act was compatible with the Convention\205.) Tj 0 -23.4 TD 0.0175 Tc 0.7317 Tw (Let me say again that in raising these questions concerning the application of the amended) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0158 Tc 1.0012 Tw (Act, it is also important to evaluate the overall effect of these amendments in light of the) Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.3095 Tw (initial compromises that were reached in the original 1993 Act between the rights of Native) Tj T* 0.0131 Tc -0.0011 Tw (title holders and the rights of non-Native Title holders.) Tj 224.52 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (68) Tj -260.52 -31.68 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.25 Tw (The Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 0.24 Tw (s decision concerning the native title amendments criticises both the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.4748 Tw (exercise of the Government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0026 Tc 0.5492 Tw (s power in removing native title rights and the location) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.3618 Tw (of that power within the non-Indigenous arena. The Committee made it clear that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 5.58 Tw (unless the legislative) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 121.56 0 TD 5.64 Tw (regimes which affect native title are negotiated with) Tj -121.56 -14.04 TD -0.0035 Tc 3.0875 Tw (Indigenous people the Committee will continue to criticise and scrutinise State) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Parties at an international level.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0036 Tc 2.3491 Tw (The Committee also expressed its concern that Australia had not complied with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0037 Tc 2.8763 Tw (Article 5\(c\) of the Convention and General Recommendation XXIII concerning) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Indigenous Peoples:) Tj 36 -26.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0192 Tc 1.9228 Tw (The lack of effective participation by indigenous communities in the formulation of the) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0214 Tc 2.4173 Tw (amendments also raises concerns with respect to the State Party) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0083 Tc 2.5237 Tw (s compliance with its) Tj T* 0.0225 Tc 0.6295 Tw (obligations under Article 5\(c\) of the Convention.) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 208.2 0 TD 0.0144 Tc 0.6936 Tw (Calling upon States Parties to ) Tj -3.7044 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0.0216 Tc (recognise) Tj -244.2 -21.36 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 101.04 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 90.36 TD /F0 6 Tf (67) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0028 Tc 0 Tw (ibid,) Tj 18.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tc 0 Tw ( p 4352) Tj -54.96 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (68) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0172 Tc -0.0052 Tw (Australian Country Rapporteur, Report, ) Tj 167.28 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0177 Tc 0.0397 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.8 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0386 Tc -0.0266 Tw ( pp5-8) Tj ET endstream endobj 87 0 obj 6002 endobj 85 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 76 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 86 0 R >> endobj 89 0 obj << /Length 90 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (23) Tj -367.32 -33.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0168 Tc 0.2438 Tw (and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control and use their common) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0234 Tc 1.5486 Tw (lands, territories and resources,) Tj -3.7044 Tc 5.2764 Tw (\224 ) Tj 0.018 Tc 1.614 Tw (the Committee, in its General Recommendation XXIII,) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0249 Tc 0.5631 Tw (stressed the importance of ensuring ) Tj -3.7044 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0.0163 Tc 0.5957 Tw (that members of indigenous peoples have equal rights) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0179 Tc 0.7913 Tw (in respect of effective participation in public life, and that no decisions directly relating to) Tj T* 0.0156 Tc -0.0036 Tw (their rights and interests are taken without their informed consent) Tj -3.7044 Tc 0 Tw (\224) Tj 0.0732 Tc (.) Tj 276.24 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc (69) Tj -312.24 -31.8 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0037 Tc 3.9682 Tw (The government representatives presented a very different view of what was) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0022 Tc 5.0556 Tw (required of State Parties under the Convention in ensuring that) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 362.04 0 TD (Indigenous) Tj -362.04 -14.16 TD 3.1333 Tw (representatives participated in the formulation of legislation and policies which) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0063 Tc -0.0063 Tw (directly affect them:) Tj 36 -25.92 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0153 Tc 1.0527 Tw (I note also that the) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 92.76 0 TD -0.0037 Tc 1.2217 Tw (CERD's general recommendation in Paragraph 4d goes on to) Tj -92.76 -12.96 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.9169 Tw (say that no decisions directly relating to the rights of Indigenous People are to be) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0059 Tc 1.9339 Tw (taken without their informed consent. This is a higher level of responsibility, a) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.3657 Tw (higher level of obligation than simply providing equal rights. This is a requirement) Tj T* -0.0019 Tc 1.027 Tw (to provide for the informed consent of Native) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 217.44 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 1.1065 Tw (Title holders. Australia admits that) Tj -217.44 -12.84 TD -0 Tc 2.8687 Tw (the informed consent of Native) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 157.68 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 2.9151 Tw (Title holders and Indigenous Peoples was not) Tj -157.68 -12.96 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.1149 Tw (obtained in the Native Title Amendment Act. Australia regrets this. As I said at the) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0067 Tc 0.9602 Tw (beginning on Friday, the government attempted to obtain a consensus with regard) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0 Tc 0.3047 Tw (to the Act but despite a lengthy process, that consensus was not possible and in the) Tj T* 0.0064 Tc 0.6245 Tw (end the parliament had to make the laws which it judged were appropriate. In this) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.3496 Tw (case, much of the Native Title Amendment Act is concerned with balancing rights,) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.6497 Tw (balancing rights of Native) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 123 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.7475 Tw (Title holders with pastoral lessees and others. As I also) Tj -123 -12.84 TD 0.0058 Tc 1.4522 Tw (said on Friday there was) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 121.92 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 1.4599 Tw (no consent to these provisions neither from Indigenous) Tj -121.92 -12.96 TD -0.0079 Tc 4.2959 Tw (People nor from pastoralists and miners. Australia regards this requirement) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.7735 Tw (essentially as) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 63.84 0 TD -0.0021 Tc 0.8001 Tw (aspirational and it tried to meet and aspire to this requirement but it) Tj -63.84 -13.92 TD -0.0104 Tc -0.0736 Tw (admits honestly before this Committee that the requirement was not met.) Tj 327.84 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (70) Tj -363.84 -33.24 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.002 Tc -0.013 Tw (The Committee disagreed with this interpretation of the Convention:) Tj 36 -27.12 TD /F0 11.04 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (\(I) Tj 7.44 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.5955 Tw (\)n our general recommendation 23, we referred to the informed consent\205 it was) Tj -7.44 -12.84 TD -0.008 Tc 1.256 Tw (said that this requirement of informed consent is only) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 255.96 0 TD -0 Tc 1.2486 Tw (aspirational. Now) Tj 0 Tc -0.072 Tw ( ) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0158 Tc 1.3838 Tw (it is not) Tj -342.36 -12.96 TD -0 Tc -0.117 Tw (understood by this committee in that sense. I ) Tj 204.96 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0983 Tw (think there we tend to disagree.) Tj 142.32 4.56 TD /F0 6.48 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (71) Tj -383.28 -32.64 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0019 Tc 3.2919 Tw (In mediating an outcome in native title the Government claims to have given) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.1917 Tw (Indigenous interests the same weight as the interests of other stakeholders such as) Tj T* -0.0017 Tc 2.3057 Tw (miners, pastoralists, governments and other industries. So long as the balancing) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.36 Tw (exercise has an ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0048 Tc 0.3552 Tw (objectively justifiable aim) Tj -6.72 Tc 7.08 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 0.42 Tw (and adopts ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 0.48 Tw (proportionate means) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 0.48 Tw (, then,) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.24 Tw (in the Government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0062 Tc 0.2162 Tw (s view, the Convention is not contravened. The ) Tj 334.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0.24 Tw (outcome of such) Tj -334.44 -14.16 TD -0.0019 Tc 4.0928 Tw (an approach is that Indigenous interests will always be overwhelmed by the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0018 Tc 2.4855 Tw (combined force of non-Indigenous interests who, on the whole, seek to contain) Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (native title.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD 1.4914 Tw (The responsibility of a government undertaking this ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0 Tc 1.56 Tw (balancing exercise) Tj -6.72 Tc 8.28 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 1.56 Tw (does not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 1.5491 Tw (extend to ensuring that the native title legislation, which so fundamentally affects) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (Indigenous people is directly negotiated with and agreed to by Indigenous people.) Tj 0 -48.72 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 112.8 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 102.12 TD /F0 6 Tf (69) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0244 Tc -0.0124 Tw (CERD Decision, para ) Tj 92.88 0 TD 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -128.88 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc (70) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0145 Tc -0.0025 Tw (FAIRA, CERD Transcript, ) Tj 115.08 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0225 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0144 Tc 0.0264 Tw ( Mr ) Tj 18.72 0 TD 0.0328 Tc 0 Tw (Orr) Tj 14.64 0 TD 0.0653 Tc -0.1133 Tw (, p 38.) Tj -216.36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (71) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0145 Tc -0.0025 Tw (FAIRA, CERD Transcript, ) Tj 115.08 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0225 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0235 Tc -0.0115 Tw ( Mr Van ) Tj 38.4 0 TD 0.0406 Tc 0 Tw (Boven) Tj 25.8 0 TD 0.0413 Tc -0.0893 Tw (, p 43.) Tj ET endstream endobj 90 0 obj 7093 endobj 88 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 76 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 89 0 R >> endobj 92 0 obj << /Length 93 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (24) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD -0.01 Tc 3.13 Tw (The Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 3.15 Tw (s response to the government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0044 Tc 3.2244 Tw (s position on the extent of their) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.0434 Tw (obligations under CERD is reflected in paragraph 6 of the decision. The Convention) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 2.76 Tw (requires that State Parties balance the) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 203.76 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0 Tc (rights) Tj 28.08 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 2.832 Tw ( of different groups identifiable by) Tj -231.84 -14.16 TD 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (race.) Tj 24.48 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (72) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0021 Tc 3.1521 Tw ( An appropriate balance based on the notion of equality is not between) Tj -31.44 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 3.6467 Tw (miners, pastoralists, fishing interests, governments and Indigenous people, but) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 1.2 Tw (between the rights ) Tj -4.68 Tc 5.88 Tw (\226 ) Tj -0.0022 Tc 1.3072 Tw (civil, political, economic, cultural and social - of Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0026 Tc -0.0026 Tw (and non-Indigenous titleholders. Paragraph 6 states:) Tj 36 -26.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0169 Tc 0.1059 Tw (While the original Native Title Act was delicately balanced between the rights of indigenous) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0199 Tc 2.1421 Tw (and non-indigenous title holders, the amended Act appears to create legal certainty for) Tj T* 0.0161 Tc -0.0041 Tw (government and third parties at the expense of indigenous title.) Tj -36 -27.72 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0018 Tc 3.0738 Tw (The justification for making a commitment towards a negotiated outcome with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 1.62 Tw (Indigenous people is the recognition that the relationship between Indigenous and) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.3617 Tw (non-Indigenous people should be an equal one. A relationship of equality is not one) Tj T* 0 Tc 1.02 Tw (in which Indigenous people take their place, as just another interest group, among) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.3725 Tw (the vast range of non-Indigenous interest groups with a stake in native title. Rather,) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0019 Tc 3.3988 Tw (it is one where Indigenous interests are equal to the combined force of non-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 2.6552 Tw (Indigenous interests, in all their forms and manifestations. A legislative) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 381.6 0 TD (regime) Tj -381.6 -14.04 TD -0.0036 Tc 3.0581 Tw (which is imposed rather than negotiated with the Indigenous people it directly) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (affects is not based on a relationship of equality.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.538 Tw (The Chairman of the Committee pointed out the implications for Indigenous people) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0.008 Tw (of the Government seeing its role as the mediator of interest groups, rather than as a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 5.376 Tw (negotiator with Indigenous people who had equal bargaining power in the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (negotiation process.) Tj 36 -26.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0204 Tc 1.6716 Tw (We were told that consultations took place.) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 191.88 0 TD 0.0097 Tc 1.7166 Tw (Alright, the first point that you were under) Tj -191.88 -11.76 TD 0.0321 Tc -0.0201 Tw (pressure. ) Tj 40.44 0 TD 0.0187 Tc 0.0653 Tw (By who? Consultations took place. ) Tj 145.8 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.0921 Tw (Wonderful. That proves that the government is) Tj -186.24 -11.76 TD 0.0179 Tc 0.0391 Tw (doing a wonderful job. We were told about equal rights. There was no spelling out of which) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0189 Tc 1.2411 Tw (rights we are talking about. Can the government say that there are equal rights on every) Tj T* 0.0298 Tc -0.0178 Tw (human ) Tj 31.92 0 TD 0.0079 Tc 1.6841 Tw (right which exists ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 5.5164 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0135 Tc 1.7085 Tw (all five of them ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 5.6364 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0167 Tc 1.7953 Tw (social, political, etc.) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 264.6 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 1.8086 Tw (All the five sets of) Tj -296.52 -11.76 TD 0.0158 Tc 0 Tw (rights?) Tj 0 -23.4 TD 0.0235 Tc 0.7085 Tw (Mr Van) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 36.84 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.7968 Tw (Boven spoke about substantive right and I) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0125 Tc 0.8224 Tw (m not going to elaborate on this. Then) Tj -36.84 -11.76 TD 0.023 Tc 0.829 Tw (we were told that we were not able to achieve consensus.) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 247.08 0 TD 0.0225 Tc 0.9195 Tw (So? The parliament acted. That) Tj -247.08 -11.76 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.8339 Tw (means what in lay man) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0137 Tc 0.9433 Tw (s words? That the point of view of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 268.8 0 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.9585 Tw (Indigenous population was) Tj -268.8 -11.76 TD 0.0237 Tc 0.5369 Tw (not accepted? No consensus was achieved. So the) Tj 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 210.36 0 TD 0.0167 Tc 0.5953 Tw (parliament which is the white man again) Tj -210.36 -11.64 TD 0.0156 Tc 2.1221 Tw (took the matter into their hands and they decided and they imposed on the indigenous) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0166 Tc 1.3021 Tw (people, so what consensus resulted? You put it in such a way, in a legal way as a good) Tj T* 0.0181 Tc 0.9614 Tw (lawyer, but as someone who is working in the field of human rights the conclusion that I) Tj T* 0.0252 Tc -0.0612 Tw (achieve is that the Indigenous population) Tj -5.5044 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0128 Tc 0.0526 Tw (s point of view is not taken into consideration. The) Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 1.7278 Tw (pressure was not felt. Consultation with them did not achieve anything, of course, why) Tj T* 0.015 Tc 0.7684 Tw (should it achieve anything? Equal rights were mentioned. Few rights and not all rights we) Tj 0 -11.64 TD 0.0176 Tc 0.3821 Tw (were not told about that. Consensus was not achieved so parliament imposed whatever they) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0102 Tc -0.0062 Tw (want to impose. I must say that this is a little bit of an alarming picture.) Tj 294.48 3.96 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (73) Tj -330.48 -31.8 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.25 Tw (The Committee) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tc 0.24 Tw (s decision concerning the native title amendments criticises both the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.4748 Tw (exercise of the Government) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0026 Tc 0.5492 Tw (s power in removing native title rights and the location) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.3618 Tw (of that power within the non-Indigenous arena. The Committee made it clear that) Tj 0 -21.72 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 101.04 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 90.36 TD /F0 6 Tf (72) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0169 Tc -0.0049 Tw (See also Mr ) Tj 52.08 0 TD 0.0159 Tc -0.0039 Tw (Aboul-Nasr, in FAIRA, CERD Transcript, ) Tj 179.88 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0.0225 Tw (op. Cit,) Tj 31.92 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0333 Tc -0.0213 Tw ( p 44.) Tj -299.88 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (73) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0124 Tc -0 Tw (FAIRA, CERD, ) Tj 70.08 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (op.cit) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.0433 Tc (,) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0256 Tc -0.0136 Tw ( The Chairman, p 44.) Tj ET endstream endobj 93 0 obj 7335 endobj 91 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 76 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 92 0 R >> endobj 96 0 obj << /Length 97 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD 5.58 Tw (unless the legislative) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 121.56 0 TD 5.64 Tw (regimes which affect native title are negotiated with) Tj -121.56 -14.16 TD -0.0035 Tc 3.0875 Tw (Indigenous people the Committee will continue to criticise and scrutinise State) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 65.07 Tw (parties at an international level.) Tj ET endstream endobj 97 0 obj 411 endobj 94 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 95 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 96 0 R >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Length 100 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (26) Tj -403.32 -36.24 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0086 Tc 0.0206 Tw (\(b\) Amendments to the Act) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.008 Tc 5.128 Tw (Consultation and negotiation with) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 189 0 TD 5.16 Tw (Indigenous representatives and native title) Tj -189 -14.16 TD 2.8533 Tw (representative bodies is the most essential component of establishing legislation) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 2.28 Tw (which meets Australia) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0055 Tc 2.2855 Tw (s obligations under CERD.) Tj 257.28 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (74) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf 2.28 Tw ( The importance of informed) Tj -264.24 -14.16 TD 0.0031 Tc 3.1169 Tw (consent to ensure effective participation by) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 233.04 0 TD 3.24 Tw (Indigenous people is recognised in) Tj -233.04 -14.04 TD 0.168 Tw (international human rights standards. Domestically, a recent review of the operation) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.5617 Tw (of Northern Territory land rights legislation named informed consent as the most) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0044 Tc -0.0044 Tw (effective means of decision-making concerning land use issues.) Tj 310.56 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (75) Tj -310.56 -33.12 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0049 Tc 0.6419 Tw (Standards for consultation, the first step in negotiation, are set out in the document) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0019 Tc 6.5753 Tw (prepared by the Social Justice Commissioner for the Australian Heritage) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0109 Tc 1.8873 Tw (Commission appended to this submission, and provided to this Committee at the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.315 Tw (Public Hearing. This document deals specifically with heritage issues) Tj 343.08 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.35 Tw (, however, the) Tj -343.08 -14.04 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.0082 Tw (standards are consistent with those set out by the CERD.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD -0.0026 Tc 1.5426 Tw (Without pre-empting the outcome of negotiations with) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 280.2 0 TD 1.56 Tw (Indigenous representatives,) Tj -280.2 -14.04 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.8326 Tw (amendments which require most urgent attention are those identified by the CERD) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.0046 Tw (Committee as discriminatory.) Tj 0 -371.16 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 136.32 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 125.52 TD /F0 6 Tf (74) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.016 Tc -0.028 Tw (Committee on the Elimination of ) Tj 137.52 0 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.0038 Tw (Racial Discrimination ) Tj 91.92 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0065 Tc -0.0245 Tw (General Recommendation XXIII ) Tj -3.8045 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj -229.44 -11.64 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.0242 Tw (Concerning Indigenous Peoples,) Tj 132.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0152 Tc -0.0272 Tw ( 18 August 1997, UN ) Tj 91.8 0 TD 0.0224 Tc 0 Tw (Doc) Tj -224.4 -11.76 TD 0.0261 Tc (CERD/C/51/Misc.13/Rev.4) Tj 115.44 0 TD 0.0503 Tc -0.1583 Tw (,para 4\(d\).) Tj 46.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj -198.36 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tw (75) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0166 Tc -0.0046 Tw (House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.0278 Tc -0.0158 Tw (Affairs ) Tj -3.7044 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0.0225 Tc -0.0105 Tw (Unlocking the Future) Tj -3.7044 Tc 3.7164 Tw (\224 ) Tj 0.0291 Tc -0.0771 Tw (August 1999, para 1.29) Tj ET endstream endobj 100 0 obj 3441 endobj 98 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 95 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 99 0 R >> endobj 102 0 obj << /Length 103 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (27) Tj -403.32 -36.24 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0112 Tc 0.0232 Tw (\(c\) Dialogue with the CERD Committee) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0055 Tc 0.1901 Tw (The CERD Committee members could have an invaluable role in assisting in such a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0965 Tw (dialogue. They would certainly benefit from first hand experience and knowledge of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0058 Tc 3.7585 Tw (the situation in Australia. The first priority however, is to establish a) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 387.6 0 TD (better) Tj -387.6 -14.16 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.23 Tw (informed basis for amendment through consultation and negotiation with Indigenous) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (people.) Tj ET endstream endobj 103 0 obj 738 endobj 101 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 95 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 102 0 R >> endobj 105 0 obj << /Length 106 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (28) Tj -403.32 -36.24 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0103 Tc 0.0223 Tw (Question taken on Notice) Tj 0 -28.2 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Senator ) Tj 41.04 0 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.6704 Tw (Ferris addressed the following question to the Social Justice Commissioner) Tj -41.04 -14.16 TD 0.0024 Tc -0.0024 Tw (when he appeared before the Committee on 22 February 2000.) Tj 18 -28.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (CHAIR ) Tj 41.76 0 TD (- ) Tj 7.92 0 TD /F0 11.04 Tf -0.0033 Tc 0.2636 Tw ( Dr Jonas, we had some evidence last Thursday night from ATSIC in which) Tj -49.68 -12.96 TD -0 Tc 0.9445 Tw (they called for a scrapping of the Native Title Act and suggested that we should start) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0044 Tc 2.8553 Tw (again. Clearly, that is not your position, but would you like to comment on the) Tj 0 -12.84 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.6533 Tw (suggestion that we should abandon the current Native Title Act and begin again? How) Tj 0 -12.96 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.1082 Tw (would you see that operating in the Australian community if it were to occur?) Tj -18 -28.08 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0055 Tc 4.0955 Tw (In answering this question it is important to understand that, in meeting its) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0053 Tc 3.6353 Tw (international obligations a State party is required to ensure that the rights of) Tj T* -0.0018 Tc 2.8273 Tw (indigenous people are equal to the rights of non-indigenous people. Where the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.5689 Tw (common law does not adequately protect Indigenous interests then the legislature is) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.2156 Tw (under a duty to rectify any discrimination that exists. What has happened in relation) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.4147 Tw (to the NTA is that the legislature has failed to provide the additional protection that) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 3 Tw (would bring about equality between Indigenous and non-) Tj 299.64 0 TD 3.06 Tw (indigneous interests in) Tj -299.64 -14.04 TD 0 Tw (land.) Tj 0 -28.2 TD 0.0063 Tc 0.2337 Tw (If the amended NTA were ) Tj -6.72 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.015 Tc (scrapped) Tj -6.72 Tc 6.96 Tw (\222 ) Tj 0 Tc 0.18 Tw (then the rights of ) Tj 277.08 0 TD 0.32 Tw (Indigenous people would be) Tj -277.08 -14.16 TD -0.0059 Tc 2.7209 Tw (left to the common law. The common law of native title is still in a stage of) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0039 Tc 1.6403 Tw (development. The High Court has not resolved the nature of native title,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 378.96 0 TD 1.68 Tw (nor the) Tj -378.96 -14.04 TD -0.0037 Tc 3.7137 Tw (circumstances in which it is able to be extinguished. Until these matters are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0052 Tc 1.2852 Tw (resolved it is impossible to tell whether the rights of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 272.64 0 TD 1.32 Tw (Indigenous people are better) Tj -272.64 -14.04 TD 0.9055 Tw (protected under the common law compared with the legislature. What is important) Tj 0 -14.04 TD -0.0083 Tc 2.7283 Tw (at this stage is that as a result of consultation and negotiation with) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 362.04 0 TD (Indigenous) Tj -362.04 -14.16 TD 0.7569 Tw (representatives, the Native Title Act be further amended so as to conform with the) Tj 0 -14.04 TD 3.12 Tw (principles of equality and non-discrimination.) Tj 236.28 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tw (76) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0046 Tc 3.1846 Tw ( Amendment of those provisions) Tj -243.24 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.32 Tw (would require a ) Tj 82.32 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.579 Tw (process which could be referred to as ) Tj -4.44 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0 Tc (unravelling) Tj -4.44 Tc (\224) Tj 258.84 5.04 TD /F0 6.96 Tf 0 Tc (77) Tj 6.96 -5.04 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0109 Tc 0.6109 Tw ( but this does) Tj -348.12 -14.04 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (not require ) Tj -4.44 Tc (\223) Tj 0 Tc (scrapping of the Act) Tj -4.44 Tc (\224) Tj 0 Tc (.) Tj 0 -171.6 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 171.48 144 0.6 re f BT 90.12 160.8 TD /F0 6 Tf (76) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0131 Tc -0.0011 Tw (Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Decision 2\(54\) on Australia: Australia) Tj -9 -11.76 TD 0.0308 Tc -0.0588 Tw (18/3/99 CERD/C/54/Misc.40/Rev.2 para 7) Tj 0 -19.56 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (77) Tj 6 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0377 Tc -0.0257 Tw ( Mr Geoff ) Tj 45.12 0 TD 0.0128 Tc -0.0008 Tw (Clark, Chairman of ATSIC suggested that the amendments could be ) Tj -3.7044 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0.039 Tc (unravelled) Tj -3.7044 Tc 3.7164 Tw (\224 ) Tj 0.016 Tc 0 Tw (rather) Tj -51.12 -11.64 TD 0.0372 Tc -0.0252 Tw (than ) Tj -3.7044 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 0.0429 Tc (scrapped) Tj -3.7044 Tc (\224) Tj 0.0129 Tc -0.0009 Tw (. Proof Committee Hansard. Joint Committee on Native Title and the Aboriginal and) Tj 0 -11.76 TD 0.017 Tc -0.0143 Tw (Torres Strait Islander Land Fund. Consistency of the Native Title Amendment Act 1998 with) Tj T* 0.012 Tc 0 Tw (Australia) Tj -5.5044 Tc (\222) Tj 0.0166 Tc -0.0416 Tw (s international obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms 0of Racial) Tj T* 0.0217 Tc -0.0247 Tw (Discrimination, Thursday February 2000, Canberra page NT 10 ) Tj -3.8244 Tc 3.8364 Tw (\226 ) Tj 0.0244 Tc 0 Tw (11.) Tj ET endstream endobj 106 0 obj 5295 endobj 104 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 95 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 105 0 R >> endobj 108 0 obj << /Length 109 0 R >> stream BT 493.44 794.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (29) Tj -403.32 -35.88 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj 108 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 90.12 761.4 415.32 0.6 re f BT 90.12 750.72 TD /F0 6 Tf (4) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0139 Tc -0.0191 Tw (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, ) Tj 232.8 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0025 Tc -0.0605 Tw (Decision 2\(54\) on Australia) Tj 113.28 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0244 Tc -0.0124 Tw (, 18) Tj -346.08 -11.76 TD 0.034 Tc -0.022 Tw (March 1999, ) Tj 56.04 0 TD 0.0232 Tc -0.0112 Tw (UN Ref: CERD/C/54/Misc.40/Rev.2 \(Herein ) Tj 190.92 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf 0.0055 Tc 0.0164 Tw (CERD Decision 2\(54\)) Tj 89.28 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0218 Tc -0.0098 Tw (\). The) Tj -336.24 -11.76 TD 0.0267 Tc -0.0318 Tw (decision can be accessed through the FAIRA ) Tj 186.48 0 TD 0.0338 Tc -0.0218 Tw (webpage, see note 1 above.) Tj -221.88 -7.8 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0377 Tw (CERD/C/55/Misc.31.Rev.3, 16 August 1999, para 2.) Tj -36 -7.68 TD /F0 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 3 -3.96 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.012 Tw ( ) Tj 33 0 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0.0143 Tc 0 Tw (ibid) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0423 Tc -0.0303 Tw (, para 4.) Tj ET endstream endobj 109 0 obj 1407 endobj 107 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 95 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 12 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 108 0 R >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F0 /BaseFont /CGTimes /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 300 330 460 500 500 890 780 330 330 330 500 890 330 330 330 330 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 330 330 1000 890 1000 440 890 720 630 690 740 630 590 720 740 330 390 700 630 910 740 720 570 720 670 540 630 740 720 940 720 720 650 330 330 330 500 500 500 440 500 440 500 440 330 500 500 280 280 500 280 780 500 500 500 500 370 390 280 500 500 720 500 500 440 440 500 440 1000 500 890 500 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 500 890 500 500 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 500 890 890 300 330 500 500 130 500 650 500 500 500 500 410 890 330 500 440 500 890 890 350 500 560 500 500 500 890 500 410 350 350 890 440 300 630 1200 720 720 720 890 690 630 630 720 720 330 630 330 330 440 740 720 330 720 720 720 500 720 740 500 720 740 740 720 500 440 440 440 440 440 440 670 440 440 440 440 440 280 280 280 280 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 330 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 1000 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /CGTimes /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -250 -250 1440 1098 ] /MissingWidth 330 /StemV 76 /StemH 76 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 924 /XHeight 462 /Ascent 924 /Descent -250 /Leading 174 /MaxWidth 1200 /AvgWidth 417 >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F1 /BaseFont /CGTimes,Bold /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 299 333 461 504 504 888 837 333 333 333 504 888 333 333 333 333 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 333 333 1000 888 1000 504 888 717 666 717 717 666 615 777 777 384 478 777 666 940 717 777 615 777 717 555 666 717 717 1000 717 717 666 333 333 333 504 504 504 504 555 444 555 444 350 504 555 282 333 555 282 837 555 504 555 555 444 384 333 555 504 717 504 504 444 504 504 504 1000 495 888 495 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 495 888 495 495 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 495 888 888 299 333 504 504 128 504 666 504 504 504 504 427 888 333 504 444 504 888 888 350 504 555 504 504 504 888 504 427 350 350 888 504 299 666 1162 717 717 717 1034 717 666 666 717 717 384 666 384 384 444 717 777 384 777 717 777 555 777 717 495 777 717 717 717 555 504 504 504 504 504 504 717 444 444 444 444 444 282 282 282 282 504 555 504 504 504 504 504 333 504 555 555 555 555 504 504 1000 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 9 0 R >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /CGTimes,Bold /Flags 16418 /FontBBox [ -250 -250 1394 1162 ] /MissingWidth 333 /StemV 140 /StemH 140 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 956 /XHeight 478 /Ascent 956 /Descent -250 /Leading 206 /MaxWidth 1162 /AvgWidth 441 >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Arial /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 282 256 359 555 555 888 666 188 333 333 393 581 282 333 282 282 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 282 282 581 581 581 555 1017 666 666 717 717 666 606 777 717 282 504 666 555 829 717 777 666 777 717 666 606 717 666 957 675 658 606 282 282 282 453 555 333 555 555 504 555 555 282 555 555 222 222 504 222 829 555 555 555 555 333 504 282 555 487 709 487 487 504 333 247 333 581 752 581 752 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 752 581 752 752 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 752 581 581 282 307 555 555 555 555 247 555 333 735 367 555 581 333 735 555 401 547 333 333 333 572 538 282 333 333 367 555 837 837 837 606 666 666 666 666 666 666 1000 717 666 666 666 666 282 282 282 282 717 717 777 777 777 777 777 581 777 717 717 717 717 666 666 606 555 555 555 555 555 555 888 504 555 555 555 555 282 282 282 282 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 547 606 555 555 555 555 504 555 504 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 11 0 R >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Arial /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -250 -212 1220 1055 ] /MissingWidth 282 /StemV 80 /StemH 80 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 905 /XHeight 453 /Ascent 905 /Descent -212 /Leading 150 /MaxWidth 1017 /AvgWidth 441 >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F3 /BaseFont /CGTimes,Italic /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 299 333 478 504 504 888 777 333 333 333 504 888 333 333 333 333 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 333 333 1000 888 1000 504 888 615 615 666 717 615 572 717 717 333 444 666 555 837 666 717 615 717 615 504 555 717 615 837 615 555 555 333 333 333 504 504 504 504 504 444 504 444 282 504 504 282 282 444 282 717 504 504 504 504 384 384 282 504 444 666 444 444 384 444 504 444 1000 495 888 495 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 495 888 495 495 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 888 495 888 888 299 333 504 504 128 504 555 504 504 504 504 461 888 333 504 444 504 888 888 350 504 555 504 504 504 888 504 461 350 350 888 504 299 615 1222 615 615 615 888 666 615 615 615 615 333 615 333 333 384 666 717 333 717 615 717 504 717 717 495 717 717 717 555 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 666 444 444 444 444 444 282 282 282 282 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 333 504 504 504 504 504 504 444 1000 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 13 0 R >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /CGTimes,Italic /Flags 98 /FontBBox [ -250 -250 1466 1098 ] /MissingWidth 333 /StemV 76 /StemH 76 /ItalicAngle -11 /CapHeight 924 /XHeight 462 /Ascent 924 /Descent -250 /Leading 174 /MaxWidth 1222 /AvgWidth 416 >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F4 /BaseFont /NIDIOH+Wingdings /FirstChar 30 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 500 1000 1030 1140 1300 1340 890 1220 460 1080 890 1130 1130 1170 1170 1440 1440 1100 1340 700 700 890 550 600 1070 950 1080 940 890 890 890 890 910 910 590 790 670 670 940 940 550 550 890 840 840 840 1110 660 850 1090 890 880 650 810 750 750 720 690 790 890 890 900 890 1160 1050 960 1090 500 500 500 890 950 890 890 890 890 1250 890 890 890 890 500 780 500 500 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 790 890 780 890 890 500 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 500 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 810 890 890 1050 890 890 940 930 890 950 1050 1020 1050 1050 1000 1000 1000 1000 1070 930 1000 1000 1000 890 1100 870 890 1000 1000 1000 1070 890 870 890 1050 780 1270 950 750 750 310 890 890 890 890 460 990 750 890 580 1070 1060 890 1060 890 530 890 890 890 500 530 890 890 890 870 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 ] /FontDescriptor 29 0 R >> endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /NIDIOH+Wingdings /Flags 4 /FontBBox [ -250 -211 1728 1009 ] /MissingWidth 900 /StemV 162 /StemH 162 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 899 /XHeight 450 /Ascent 899 /Descent -211 /Leading 110 /MaxWidth 1440 /AvgWidth 890 /FontFile2 110 0 R >> endobj 110 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 111 0 R /Length1 112 0 R /Length2 113 0 R /Length3 114 0 R >> stream HUiTTG*.[em7tbP%v*H#FP4*ш&hĸ!jcP=f sƌgq9Nwսu߭VpG9$O `lj$=M̳Dz1`@%h)jV O5Ng Rx_=Ӗu$(dóZ';tUD"+60ٔg+-&ο:ז7sG责 bJ. gwa$}l$x8];#KP׌TUEIV6s^̗~23iֹU:-89wɳw>|Km7_а、y#vx܈&s¨cǾ4n|rʄKbk6Wΰ&MN̬fgɵ/WXTv;i)SMt҅[^|z?ڲu;kvxOO?p#juG?S??/}pBc毿tko|7;wâAd&Oe-R (#2H p+ܨ; LFt~^P0B?G0B0#F @ ` A$bb1q f$`Fc 1o" 0H,,{XUXX*lF%f &a2RAaF&00Ž 0(B1F AaL4L[(|,B,b] ,ZuX؈Ma bcvcj`>:E=8N3)8/p_ȟ4 ь .2*:n[|q?Gm]' 0D!^4q;FB&KKZm)FʞZj^.CI14RM< '#?>  +Xˤ9tTՎy1P5~78vD]^j&#ܟ +\M}ƂUO'瓞\&{RμX,dgHƓ/q~Z94n8Hbv *>󕼆kA¬)*Bډ<Ե {g)l"fX Z Oy(NQױQnR,OR;ɤ[_D@PXK>T᧩LxF ~Ea,`!2Qְm&.y;yneK2[/70CZpM&k]=$)OK.WV+JLYlWN@wR yF^'OэRZAԅ~ڞ{c36`aS"V£=l/ǎ/7 ]́g\]x y*O|̷T -wUYH L BpXh 77 1V$N'ߛg$)@,ERT%nZe7GT`,CmZ&,Q6jAOhIwbab)$׍)7,i+]I?쓣de UIIy_XHih d/ض9;ݵ)&k;iM&چtѼ^1-5k3߬i}R#(0V u9aSS kW .tktqB3BX*DlI6"ҕRnx6 3i$VIoTM}3gzhS]-toa-֡axp7r}tlұk>x 1-eh%Y~ {lcܥޭ4$yAylkg ]dAQ[#zL\XuMw  !3tƛvå MvPn8妰3Z\r߀rko"x&C2@xg1Bq_0$7 ?(~Ak Z >686))=H՚$&+ﰨ^<\m/wȟ50P+5xeei3S ߖ8#jMue3\ yj"!}FFs{:oj$8Y%@ĘA2t]O; *l#B~j_upNh~FK>]'yM F_UxV9͂¿ M0xq;>ץ# oy7s B-`?&8Pxs˨Y-`l[bY-B𫌷2G1'7c&M-m؆?;ħa԰ɲ?؅4Ԍa1؇>1?s<C8Q<88/q<'qg>qTIڝCc\.bcE H !wf4=+01%H19$vs(&@ '@uZ[{߼uބbc8>}X~|)|7 l8pQGM3hCB,!D]g9||_—q_Q|_-:[qv|}| wN|w=܅}?=8'#܇)! tbWNH^u(/:Tx~<EuO̤^!8Ex/b>>d7Һ5m+n%' A/0VeC#يiM-[E١,Tϓ8EמLv"R:,c; u멧9Y+b͑hWvqY$Jd;sy4*xzQ3 ωlKAzAYͦGD];<^Jz;T7I[-& uGFLٍgj4q+)/: !eL^b|KCE]ʷ< Uot:?T=SQO*x]#e#yqr@fR:D+åH)gi.5pY WVd>ݰ6Űcя5ðڥ<0Φ*Yҙ m,fPSݞ :QZ"ke"8&edщV]-#XalkZ|nj*׃:]R 5TP517 w/%HB NݖGȞA3ncnڲ62{~W6 8e>' 0p]>l`  5A:k$> endobj 31 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Symbol /Flags 6 /FontBBox [ -250 -220 1248 1230 ] /MissingWidth 860 /StemV 109 /StemH 109 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 1005 /XHeight 503 /Ascent 1005 /Descent -220 /Leading 225 /MaxWidth 1040 /AvgWidth 600 >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F6 /BaseFont /CGTimes,BoldItalic /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 300 390 520 500 500 890 780 330 330 330 500 890 330 330 330 330 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 330 330 1000 890 1000 500 890 670 670 670 720 670 610 720 780 390 500 670 610 890 720 720 610 700 670 560 610 720 670 890 670 610 610 330 330 330 500 500 500 500 500 440 500 440 350 500 560 280 280 500 280 780 560 500 500 500 390 390 280 560 440 670 500 440 390 500 500 500 1000 500 890 500 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 500 890 500 500 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 890 500 890 890 300 390 500 500 130 500 610 500 500 500 500 440 890 330 500 440 500 890 890 330 500 560 500 500 500 890 500 440 330 330 890 500 300 670 1220 670 670 670 930 670 670 670 670 670 390 670 390 390 390 720 720 390 720 670 720 500 720 720 500 720 720 720 610 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 700 440 440 440 440 440 280 280 280 280 500 560 500 500 500 500 500 330 500 560 560 560 560 500 440 1000 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 38 0 R >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /CGTimes,BoldItalic /Flags 16482 /FontBBox [ -250 -250 1464 1162 ] /MissingWidth 330 /StemV 136 /StemH 136 /ItalicAngle -11 /CapHeight 956 /XHeight 478 /Ascent 956 /Descent -250 /Leading 206 /MaxWidth 1220 /AvgWidth 426 >> endobj 2 0 obj [ /PDF /Text ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Kids [4 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 25 0 R 32 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 115 0 R >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Kids [35 0 R 41 0 R 44 0 R 47 0 R 50 0 R 53 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 115 0 R >> endobj 57 0 obj << /Kids [56 0 R 60 0 R 63 0 R 66 0 R 69 0 R 72 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 115 0 R >> endobj 76 0 obj << /Kids [75 0 R 79 0 R 82 0 R 85 0 R 88 0 R 91 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type /Pages /Parent 115 0 R >> endobj 95 0 obj << /Kids [94 0 R 98 0 R 101 0 R 104 0 R 107 0 R ] /Count 5 /Type /Pages /Parent 115 0 R >> endobj 115 0 obj << /Kids [5 0 R 36 0 R 57 0 R 76 0 R 95 0 R ] /Count 29 /Type /Pages /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] >> endobj 1 0 obj << /Creator (Microsoft Word - 206d submission-final (Read-Only)) /CreationDate (D:20000726162200) /Title (206d submission-final) /Author (Kayjo) /Producer (Acrobat PDFWriter 3.03 for Windows NT) /Keywords () /Subject () >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Pages 115 0 R /Type /Catalog >> endobj xref 0 116 0000000000 65535 f 0000187959 00000 n 0000187264 00000 n 0000188197 00000 n 0000002204 00000 n 0000187295 00000 n 0000170917 00000 n 0000172002 00000 n 0000172257 00000 n 0000173349 00000 n 0000173614 00000 n 0000174696 00000 n 0000174950 00000 n 0000176044 00000 n 0000000019 00000 n 0000002183 00000 n 0000008673 00000 n 0000002358 00000 n 0000008652 00000 n 0000016821 00000 n 0000008816 00000 n 0000016800 00000 n 0000023663 00000 n 0000016953 00000 n 0000023642 00000 n 0000029964 00000 n 0000023806 00000 n 0000029943 00000 n 0000176309 00000 n 0000177427 00000 n 0000184570 00000 n 0000185634 00000 n 0000035643 00000 n 0000030132 00000 n 0000035622 00000 n 0000042547 00000 n 0000187404 00000 n 0000185892 00000 n 0000186990 00000 n 0000035810 00000 n 0000042526 00000 n 0000049643 00000 n 0000042692 00000 n 0000049622 00000 n 0000055388 00000 n 0000049776 00000 n 0000055367 00000 n 0000062945 00000 n 0000055520 00000 n 0000062924 00000 n 0000069429 00000 n 0000063090 00000 n 0000069408 00000 n 0000076549 00000 n 0000069562 00000 n 0000076528 00000 n 0000082927 00000 n 0000187515 00000 n 0000076682 00000 n 0000082906 00000 n 0000089970 00000 n 0000083072 00000 n 0000089949 00000 n 0000097198 00000 n 0000090126 00000 n 0000097177 00000 n 0000103859 00000 n 0000097331 00000 n 0000103838 00000 n 0000109796 00000 n 0000103992 00000 n 0000109775 00000 n 0000116197 00000 n 0000109929 00000 n 0000116176 00000 n 0000123674 00000 n 0000187626 00000 n 0000116342 00000 n 0000123653 00000 n 0000131139 00000 n 0000123807 00000 n 0000131118 00000 n 0000137366 00000 n 0000131272 00000 n 0000137345 00000 n 0000143589 00000 n 0000137511 00000 n 0000143568 00000 n 0000150891 00000 n 0000143722 00000 n 0000150870 00000 n 0000158435 00000 n 0000151024 00000 n 0000158414 00000 n 0000159054 00000 n 0000187737 00000 n 0000158568 00000 n 0000159034 00000 n 0000162694 00000 n 0000159175 00000 n 0000162672 00000 n 0000163654 00000 n 0000162838 00000 n 0000163633 00000 n 0000169162 00000 n 0000163788 00000 n 0000169140 00000 n 0000170782 00000 n 0000169296 00000 n 0000170760 00000 n 0000177712 00000 n 0000184487 00000 n 0000184509 00000 n 0000184532 00000 n 0000184551 00000 n 0000187844 00000 n trailer << /Size 116 /Root 3 0 R /Info 1 0 R /ID [] >> startxref 188248 %%EOF