ࡱ> %` >Bbjbj"x"x p6@@),}  42 (  00081tz1\ 11( 2^h2h2J5>55 y{{{{{{$hb :5"(5"::Z Z h2h2V&=&=&=:Z 8h2 h2y&=:y&=&=b׮$  #h21 qe 0@;Vd QT<T##T  5(7&=:89r555<j555:::: $ $DJ  J Z Z Z Z Z Z   Submission to the 鱨վ LGBTI Discrimination Consultation 26 November 2010 Submitted by Amnesty International Australia Contact: Luke McClean Government Relations Advisor Phone: (02) 8396 7698 Email: Luke.Mcclean@amnesty.org.au Executive summary Amnesty International finds that in Australia there is inconsistency between international, federal and state laws and recommends that those inconsistencies be recognised and corrected to create an effective legislative system. We also find current practices with regards to same-sex marriage and adoption are discriminatory and key to inequality in the lived experience of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) communities. Amnesty International bases its position on international human rights law, including the interpretation of international legal standards put forward in the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 2007. Amnesty International encourages states to bring legislation in line with its international legal obligations. 鱨վ Amnesty International Amnesty International is a worldwide movement to promote and defend all human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and other international instruments. Amnesty International undertakes research focused on preventing and ending abuses of these rights. Amnesty International is the worlds largest independent human rights organisation, with more than 2.8 million supporters in more than 150 countries and over 125,000 supporters in Australia. Amnesty International is impartial and independent of any government, political persuasion or religious belief. Protecting the rights of LGBTI peoples is a component of Amnesty Internationals global work. We aim to contribute to the worldwide observance of human rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other human rights instruments. Introduction Both the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ratified by Australia in 1975, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ratified by Australia in 1980, guarantee the right to freedom from discrimination. These treaties prohibit distinctions, exclusions, restrictions or preferences that are based on a ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status and that have the purpose or effect of impairing the enjoyment of rights on an equal footing. As the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights have made clear, the list of prohibited grounds is not exhaustive; sexual orientation and gender identity are grounds such as those that are listed, and all individuals have the right to be free from discrimination on those bases. The principle of non-discrimination extends to all rights guaranteed by these treaties, including the right to privacy (article 17 of the ICCPR), the right to freedom of association with others (article 22 of the ICCPR), and the right to marry and found a family (article 23 of the ICCPR). In addition, all persons have the right to equality before the law (article 26 of the ICCPR), regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity. Courts in a number of countries, including Australia, are increasingly recognising that sexual orientation discrimination is incompatible with national and international human rights standards, and that the prohibition of such discrimination applies to the full range of rights, including economic, social and cultural rights. Both the UN Human Rights Committee and the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights have for years called on governments to end violations based on sexual orientation, including in relation to partnership rights.  Amnesty International welcomed recent amendments made to federal laws relating to equality for same-sex couples in areas such as social security, taxation, workers compensation, family law and child support. However, we believe that a number of areas of inequality in rights of members of LGBTI communities remain; for example, same-sex couples cannot legally marry in Australia and same-sex marriages which take place overseas are not recognised domestically. Further, currently same-sex couples cannot become adoptive parents in Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and in the Northern Territory. These discriminatory practices need to be overturned to ensure the inclusion of peoples of diverse sex, gender and or sexual orientation into society. The failure to recognise the rights of peoples of diverse sex, gender and sexual orientation in exercise of the right to engage in matrimony and adoption reinforces the stigmatism that these communities are different and institutionalises exclusion from broader society. Amnesty International supports the adoption of legislation that would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The adoption of such a law would greatly reduce the instances of discrimination and vilification of peoples of diverse sex, gender and or sexual orientation and foster greater harmony between communities. Such a law at the federal level would also serve to harmonise state and federal legislation. Harmonisation of state and federal law with international obligations Amnesty International advocates the creation of anti-discrimination legislation on sexual orientation and gender identity issues at the federal level. The creation of an act prohibiting discrimination against peoples of diverse sex, gender and or sexual orientation based on the models of the Race Discrimination Act 1975 and Sex Discrimination Act 1984 would contribute to greater levels of social inclusion of these groups and provide an avenue for legitimate recourse in the event of discrimination. Discrimination against these communities is widespread and well-documented. A legislative avenue for complaint at the federal level is necessary to prevent further vilification of this vulnerable sector of society. At present state legislation is often more inclusive of LGBTI communities than federal legislation. Australia's domestic law should reflect its international obligations. Where, as in the areas identified here, there are gaps in federal and state legislation, these gaps and inconsistencies must be harmonised with international law. Australia's efforts to do so can be usefully informed by the 2008 UN Declaration on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, in addition to the binding obligations and the international principles noted above. Australia's domestic law should reflect its international obligations. Amendments to Sex Discrimination Act (1984) The right to be free from arbitrary discrimination in the enjoyment of the full range of human rights is a basic principle clearly underlined in all major human rights instruments, including Article 2 of the ICCPR. Furthermore, Article 26 of the ICCPR provides for equal protection before the law. The provision in the Sex Discrimination Act (1984) which prohibits discrimination on the basis of marital status currently excludes those in same-sex relationships. Amnesty International supports the recommendations of the 鱨վ and the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee inquiry into the Effectiveness of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 in eliminating discrimination and promoting gender equality to replace the term marital status with marital or relationship status which would include people in same-sex relationships. There is diversity in sex that extends beyond the binary definitions of male and female specifically mentioned in the Sex Discrimination Act (1984). We recommend that an amendment be made to the SDA to recognise those who identify as intersex. The prevalence of differences in sex biology other than male and female, also known as intersex, is as high as one in 100 people. Translated to Australia this would amount to about 217 000 people. Intersex may arise for a variety of reasons and manifest in many different ways. The implications of exclusion of intersex from legal recognition has social, civil, cultural and economic impacts. These can include exclusion from access to some social services and superannuation rights. It also leads to discrimination of intersex persons to enjoy rights of association including inability to join gender based sports and social association. The absence of intersex from government lexicon can further contribute to ambiguity around rights, entitlements and administration of essential services, where intersex persons are compelled to choose between sex binaries of man or woman to either access or be excluded from marriage rights and other sex dependant entitlements. Marriage Equality The exclusion of same-sex couples from the legal definition of marriage is key to their experience of discrimination and in contravention of Australias obligations under Article 2 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Freedom from Discrimination. Amnesty International calls on the Australian Government to amend the Marriage Act 1961 to end discrimination, by allowing the marriage of Australian same-sex couples and permit the recognition of those same-sex married couples who formally united in marriage overseas. Adoption The right to found a family is guaranteed by article 23 of the ICCPR. This right must be guaranteed without discrimination, including on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. As the Yogyakarta Principles state in Principle 24, everyone has the right to found a family, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. The principles also mention that states shall: Take all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to ensure the right to found a family, including through access to adoption or assisted procreation (including donor insemination), without discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Adoption by same-sex parents is not contrary to a childs best interests. There is no evidence to suggest that a child would be harmed by being raised by same-sex parents. As the Yogyakarta Principles note, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration, and that the sexual orientation or gender identity of the child or of any family member or other person may not be considered incompatible with such best interests. Recommendations Amnesty International calls on the Australian Government to: Amend federal legislation to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, intersex condition and gender identity, Amend the Sex Discrimination Act (1984) to prohibit discrimination on the basis of marital or relationship status, Ensure that Australias federal legislation is in line with international human rights law and standards, Guarantee the rights of persons of all sexual orientations, sex and gender identities to marry, Guarantee the rights of persons of all sexual orientations, sex and gender identities to become adoptive parents.  International Commission of Jurists, Yogyakarta Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity (2007). At,  HYPERLINK "http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm" http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm, accessed 8 November 2010.  See, for example, Human Rights Committee, 37th sess., General Comment 18: Non-discrimination (1989), paragraph 7, http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/3888b0541f8501c9c12563ed004b8d0e?Opendocument accessed 21 November 2010; Human Rights Committee, Communication No. 488/1992 (Toonen v. Australia), UN Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992), paragraph 8.7 (concluding that the reference to sex in ICCPR arts. 2 and 26 is to be taken as including sexual orientation); Edward Young v Australia, http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/B2D753B2B50A38C5C1256D970044C974?opendocument, accessed 25 November 2010.  See, for example, Human Rights Committee, 37th sess., General Comment 18: Non-discrimination (1989), paragraph 7, http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/3888b0541f8501c9c12563ed004b8d0e?Opendocument accessed 21 November 2010; Human Rights Committee, Communication No. 488/1992 (Toonen v. Australia), UN Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992), paragraph 8.7 (concluding that the reference to sex in ICCPR arts. 2 and 26 is to be taken as including sexual orientation); Edward Young v Australia, http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/B2D753B2B50A38C5C1256D970044C974?opendocument, accessed 25 November 2010.  Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, Effectiveness of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 in eliminating discrimination and promoting gender equality, recommendation 11.15. At  HYPERLINK "http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/sex_discrim/report/index.htm" http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/sex_discrim/report/index.htm, accessed 8 November 2010.  See Blackless M et al, How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis (2000) American Journal of Human Biology 12:151166.  Australian Coalition for Equality, Submission concerning federal anti-discrimination provisions, 15 June 2009, At  HYPERLINK "http://www.humanrightsconsultation.gov.au/www/nhrcc/RWPAttach.nsf/VAP/(B84FED9174160DD975FC81F07EE315DE)~Australian_Coalition_for_Equality_AGWW-7T293U.pdf/$file/Australian_Coalition_for_Equality_AGWW-7T293U.pdf" http://www.humanrightsconsultation.gov.au/www/nhrcc/RWPAttach.nsf/VAP/(B84FED9174160DD975FC81F07EE315DE)~Australian_Coalition_for_Equality_AGWW-7T293U.pdf/$file/Australian_Coalition_for_Equality_AGWW-7T293U.pdf accessed 24 November 2010.  For further detail see Amnesty International, Submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee Inquiry into the Marriage Equality Amendment Bill 2009, 18 August 2009, At  HYPERLINK "http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/marriage_equality/submissions/sublist1/Sub_m15.pdf" http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/marriage_equality/submissions/sublist1/Sub_m15.pdf, accessed 23 November 2010.  International Commission of Jurists, Yogyakarta Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity (2007). At,  HYPERLINK "http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm" http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm, accessed 8 November 2010.      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