ࡱ> g hbjbjVV 4r<r<m[+: : L8,,,8d4,2L(t()2+2+2+2+2+2+2$d58PO2O2d2k k k )2k )2k k -/ʚ-///.2z202.f8f8$//f80k O2O2k 2f8: Z: National Anti-Racism: A Regional Perspective Introduction: Townsville has a strong profile of cultural diversity aided and abetted by current migration, refugee and humanitarian arrivals within an existing context of refugee and migrant populations and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. The city is also at the forefront of regional growth as a result of the booming resource sector and expanding military presence. The pace of change is exacerbated by other tensions: a city wide rental market vacancy rate of about 1% depending on the time of year; and the development of a two speed economy. In this context, Townsville Multicultural Support Group (TMSG) seeks to resettle refugees and assist migrants with their transition issues on arrival in Townsville. In this paper I will address the single but complex issue of housing by creating a profile informed by professional views, news and academic analysis linking this issue to the whole topic of racism and anti-racism stratgies. Meanings: All human being are meaning makers and meaning is often defined as the purpose or significance of something. So when people talk about racism, they are engaging in a discourse which French philosopher Foucault describes as "historically variable ways to specifying knowledge and truth--what is possible to speak at any given moment" The definition of racism resists the neat classifications of subjective or objective ostensibly because sociological factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, class, culture, history and social construction of identity have differing ways of construing difference. However, there are elements of racism that are common to both individual and structural discrimination on the basis of race. For the purposes of this paper, the international definition of racial discrimination as contained in Article 1 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) will be employed to discuss the issue of racism in Townsville. It states that: The term 'racial discrimination' shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life'.  At its weekly team meeting, TMSG staff members always begin proceedings with a Welcome to Country in which the traditional owners, the Wulguru-Kaba and Bindal people are acknowledged as custodians on the land on which this organisation meets. Discussion then proceeds to focus on good points and disappointments of the previous week; followed by incidents, meaning occasions when clients and staff have experienced or witnessed or heard reports of discrimination and racist attitudes and acts, including behaviour which uphold peoples rights and contribute to civil society. Through this process, TMSG is creating an organisational culture upholds its vision and commitment to social justice and the principles of Human Rights for those refugees and migrants who come through its doors. Understanding this need to build bridges between cultures, and the need to avoid unnecessary miscommunications which can and do cause hurt, TMSGs Mission Statement includes this statement: We commit to bringing together people of different ethnic backgrounds working in a spirit of friendship; to address needs through greater participation in and contribution to a better quality of life for our multicultural society. And in grateful and humble acknowledgement of their rich traditional culture, history and faithful custodianship of the land, we commit to building strong relationships with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and their organisations for equal participation in the Australian community. The way in which difference is produced is an integral part of the process of creating culture.  In the past, when speaking about working across cultures, the manager of TMSG talks about miscommunications which flow out of the process of trying to make sense of what others say. Similarly, it is argued: Thus, our capacity for interpretation is also always a capacity for misinterpretation. For this reason the use of interpreters is critical in working with clients who speak English as a second language. Context: Context is the fabric by which we shape a sustainable multicultural society. It provides structure for the various meanings, values and feelings through which we make sense of the world around us. In terms of this paper, context enables practitioners to examine specific practices, ideologies, relationships and discourses which translate to practice (Ortner, 1989 as cited in Finn and Jacobson, 2003). There are frequent occasions when workers from TMSG accompany newly arrived humanitarian entrants into the community. One worker had this to say about her only real experience of racism which she encountered when waiting with her clients at Queensland Housing for an interview along with other Townsville residents: They did not directly speak to my clients but were saying things like: what are they doing taking our houses; they should go back to where they came from; then they engaged with people sitting next to them who were of the same opinionI asked Housing if there was another room that we could wait in for our appointment but there wasnt. I told the people at reception and they did send a supervisor out to speak to the people, which was uncomfortable because we were still in the same room. My clients did not understand what was being said because they did not speak English- but they could see by my reaction that something was wrong. Usually the discrimination/racism is not so overt but the worry is that with the negative discourse about asylum seekers being frequently aired in the local and national press and on social media, the slurs and racist attitudes expressed in those arenas will flow onto the refugees that have previously and are currently settling into this community. For example, in a letter to the Townville Bulletin about the proposed community placement of asylum seekers, a man expresses his opinion as thus: From the sublime to the ridiculous. The Federal Government finds itself in a quandary with the increased influx of so-called refugees arriving into Australia on more boats. So how is the government going to attack the accommodation problem? They are asking the Australian people to open their doors and take in a refugee family.What about the inconvenience of strangers using your toilet, and your kitchen to prepare food etc and disrupting your own lifestyle?...Now what about the thousands of our own homeless people? Is the government going to make the same offer for them? Are the bleeding hearts is this country going to stand up for the homeless who are being ignored? Our beautiful countryis being eroded away by the actions of irresponsible politicians and do-gooders. Let these so-called refuges stay in their own birthplaces and fight to make their lives better, instead of fleeing to other countries where they then demand to be allowed to live like they did in their old countries. Come on Australia, time to wake up before its too late. Just look at what happened to England and Europe. Do we want to be like ostriches and bury our heads in the sand! However if we have a look at this case study in context we will see that there are other underlying factors which trigger such tensions. Townsville is experiencing a chronic lack of affordable housing, partly because of historical reasons, but also too because this city, as a regional capital is among the fastest growing regional areas in Australia. In 2012, Townsvilles rental market is heading into crisis, with vacancy rates dangerously low and set to plummet further. The Townsville Bulletin reports on the 4th February 2012: The arrival of the 3rd Battalion Royal Australian Regiment, a severe building slump and the annual influx of university students has fuelled the rental drought. Homes and units available in March are already being snapped up, with rentals attracting up to five applications each. Rental prices rose 4 per cent in December on the back of the property shortage. Townsville's Darren Burgess said he and his wife had spent the past three months desperately trying to find a place to rent to no avail. The National Affordability Rental Scheme has warned the rental crisis will only worsen as population growth in the North outmatched property development.  As Townsville is at the forefront of regional development in Australia, people arrive in the city, seeking jobs in the expanding mining boom and associated industries, and in need of accommodation. Obviously, in such a competitive market, there are constraints on finding accommodation for locals let alone humanitarian entrants. However TMSG has been innovative in that respect, with positive outcomes, which will be addressed further along. Migrants, especially those from Pacific Islands, who enter Australia under the Trans Tasman Agreement, are also in a similarly difficult position. TMSG is well aware of the overall situation which may be summarised as thus: Entrants who are not permanent residents, (e.g. some Pacific Islanders), are living in overcrowded conditions, place existing tenancies of CALD families at risk if they assist with house surfing Refugees experience difficulties in accessing accommodation if they lack a tenancy history and have problems in meeting ID requirements Despite changes to legalisation, tenancy blacklisting remains a significant issue with approximately 60% of homeless families (HYPERLINK "http://www.feat.org.au/information.php"http://www.feat.org.au/information.php) Discriminatory practices and racist attitudes and practices in some real estate agencies and the wider community: attitudes which are improving but still pose a barrier for housing CALD community members Client groups struggling with issues around transition including: language barriers; mental health; and employment issues There have been recent efforts to address some of these issues. For example, TMSG has been able to access limited RTA funding for intensive tenancy education for humanitarian entrants. In the last year, TMSG has found accommodation for approx 60 refugee families. So the agency is witnessing improved outcomes for clients as a result of these initiatives. One TMSG worker made these observations regarding the shift in accommodation outcomes for refugees: Before the last 3 years, we could clearly see the racism when going to the real estate people seeking housing for our refugee clients at TMSG. However the racism is not so obvious now as it once was. For example, the staff are now very nice to me: they give the opportunities to make the applications for rental properties BUT the outcomes are still minimal. At present, we still find a few landlords who wont accept refugees but the majority will because we have made huge efforts to train the clients in how best to look after the properties. So now they are better tenants than before. So we have to remember that the agents are paid to look after the best interest of their clients, to keep the houses occupied by paying tenants who look after the properties in a reasonable manner. Three years ago an agent from LJ Hooker said: send your clients out to the bush because they cant look after the house. This is not a racist statement it is a true reflection of the frustration felt by those who have tried to accommodate the refugees who have little or no skills in living in the kind of homes that were made available to them in this city, at that time. Some Townsville real estate agencies are also taking part in a pilot scheme funded by DIAC which allows them free access to interpreters for 1 year. This scheme is designed to help with communication between the refugee clients who speak little or no English and real estate agents. So communication is the key to solving a lot of problems the outcome of which could be said to be an effective anti-racism strategy. Prior to the last three years, clients who did not look after the houses in a manner that was acceptable to the real estate agencies often were not properly supported in terms of tenancy intensive training due to funding restrictions. These clients also had complex issues which affected their ability to maintain the homes. This issue continues today but the agency now has a complex case worker. However more efforts are needed to address issues which impact on access and equity in regard to accommodation and to reduce the threat of homelessness in the wider CALD community. Certain areas of Queensland experiencing a 2 speed economy as a result of the mining boom and who are hosts to new and emerging populations of migrants and refugees. There are reports in the media that the number of fly-in, fly-out miners is now 5000 a week. Townsville Airport chief operating officer Kevin Gill said the number of FIFO workers passing through the airport would continue to increase with the growth of the mining industry. With ongoing growth in the Galilee Basin, we can expect more passengers connected to the mining industry to pass through the airport, he said. So there is the likelihood that affordable accommodation may spiral into being a systemic issue: one that needs addressing in terms of access and equity, which is social justice work Power Arrangements: People working in the sector need to ask how power is created, produced, and legitimized, so as to build on their clients strengths, and empower them through raised awareness of their rights under the law, and to model gently assertive approaches to addressing their issues. Many of TMSGs refugee clients have experienced abuses of power at the extreme end of the spectrum. Consequently their ability to adapt to new and challenging situations is a remarkable testimony to their resilience, courage and sense of identity. Complicating that process are issues of ongoing grief and loss, health (physical and mental), language and torture and trauma: matters compounded by experiences of racism, which may present as problems with access, equity and participation. In dealing with issues of racism, the CAMS worker uses a social justice model of practice based on the experience of poor, rural women in Mexico who have conceptualized four forms of power: power over (oppression) power from within (values and beliefs systems) power with (collaborative) power to do (praxis) They describe power over as personal and institutional forms of oppression that inflict these individuals as poor women. These perspectives are informative when grappling with multiple forms, practices, and relations of power. The political economy of this city presents challenges and opportunities in terms of discriminatory practices in general and racism in particular. These issues have historical roots that emerge in the current discourse as economic, social, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions. For example, when engaging with the housing sector, people with a CALD background, especially those speaking English as a second language, have stories of being treated differently from those of a mainstream background. Sometimes these experiences are instances of where people are treated in an inclusive respectful fashion, and sometimes on a less than respectful, humane or legally acceptable manner. However our clients are resilient. Currently, at least 12 rental agencies in Townsville do not accept applications from people who need Queensland Department of Communities bond loans to secure a property. One real estate rental officer directly told TMSG Accommodation Services Coordinator, that it is their agencys policy not to give properties to people on welfare and disadvantaged backgrounds; that this agency determines eligibility for these criteria by establishing if people have been homeless; or come from a refugee background. The reference to refugees is inclusive of recent arrivals as well as established humanitarian entrants. When contacted by TMSG, the Anti-discrimination Commission informed the CAMS worker that this body was unable to deal with the alleged discrimination issue without an individual making a complaint. However, as TMSG is required to arrange accommodation on behalf of recently arrived humanitarian clients as part of its HSS contract with the Department of Immigration, these clients do not deal directly or individually with these situations. Therefore clients have no individual complaint to lodge. It is also clear that recent humanitarian entrants are in no position to be advocating on behalf of themselves or others. These agencies have self-identified as being unwilling to process applications from people who register, on their application forms that they will be applying for Queensland Department of Communities bond loans. TMSG refugee clients require these bond loans to secure rental properties. They have no other recourse to financial support to secure housing and are not able to access government housing immediately upon their arrival. The other side of this discussion is the acknowledgement by the wider community of the work done on behalf of refugees and migrants and the involvement and support of many people in Townsville. In 2010 TMSG was declared the winner of Queensland Government Multicultural Award for a Community Organisation. However it is to our volunteers that TMSG looks for inspiration. These people give of their time, energy, resources and good will to be part of a supportive transition process into Australian culture and into the life of this city. Their amazing work has been recently rewarded with two special commendations at a state level for Outstanding Volunteer by the Department of Multicultural Affairs (2011). The TMSG Volunteer Co-ordinator says: My most common experience of working with volunteers is hearing about their deeper understanding and growing compassion and admiration for refugees. They become the best advocates in the community. In July 2009, Townsville City Council declared itself a Refugee Welcome Zone. The continued support of individual people and groups such as these is much appreciated. Since that declaration, the City Council Libraries have worked closely with TMSG and other key services to develop library programs that reflect the needs of a diverse community- programs such as connecting cultures homework mentoring programs for young newly arrived students, library reading times, ensuring that there is a ready supply of books in diverse languages. TMSG networks with organisations such as the Townsville Soroptimists, who launched the ongoing Support Refugee Womens Programme (2010); Mundingburra Rotary have assisted a refugee family of young adults with access to private schooling, financial support for driving school lessons and payment of fees for sport; assisted with advice and help with repairs to a rental property vacated by a refugee family. In Townsville, St Vincent De Pauls VoRTCS (sic) programme aims to assist refugee families take up the opportunities that exist in Australian society. Pairs of volunteer tutors are sent out to the homes of refugee families who have recently arrived in Australia. Nearly all main stream Christian Churches including some Pentecostal Churches and the Townsville Mosque have assisted refugee and migrant members of their own organisations. Some reach out to all our CALD groups regardless of ethnic backgrounds through language programmes and the supply of every day needs. Recommended Strategies For the Future: These are opportunities for more inclusive attitudes, values and practices, building on existing examples of best practice. The following recommendations were included in TMSGs submission to the Queensland Governments Response to Homeless Strategy (December 2010): Reducing the number of ID points for permanent residents who have lived in Australia less than 12 months Developing social housing targets for CALD groups that are appropriate for larger, extended households Resourcing to train and employ a diverse workforce Resourcing to provide tenancy education for newly arrived migrants and refugees for the first 3 years Resourcing to provide cultural competency training for real estate agencies and social housing organisations Queensland Government insisting to REIQ that all real estate agencies use interpreters with CALD clients who request it (HYPERLINK "http://www.rta.qld.gov.au/other_language_fact_sheets.cfm"http://www.rta.qld.gov.au/other_language_fact_sheets.cfm). NB: Since this report was submitted, DIAC has initiated a pilot program with 8 real estate agencies in Townsville being provided with free access to Interpreters. Reviewing Centrelink rent assistance in terms of a place based responses and current rental market prices In terms of Humanitarian Settlement Services, specific recommendations include: That there be ongoing funding for HSS agencies to help with the cost of intensive residential training That DIAC formally recognise the contribution made by the real estate agencies which make extra efforts to house refugee clients. The possibilities that emerge from this discourse of racism and anti-racism are those that open up wounds in order to heal them. A TMSG worker spoke from an ethnic background at a team meeting about a recent encounter: Earlier this month, a customer approached me at my shop. His opening sentence before I had a chance to say anything was: This is Australia. To which I replied: I am an Australian, too. He said loudly: you are not, you are not, which was clearly heard by our customers as well as other shoppers walking past. I became quite upset and was almost in tears, when I once again said: I am Australian and he kept repeating: You are not, you are not. I decided to ignore his comments and instead got him his order. However he accused me of trying to cheat him and when my husband came to my defence, he continued being aggressive and demanded his money back, which I returned. As he left the shop, he turned back and swore loudly at us. The worker reports that it really affected her. Such aggression face to face was very confronting. However there was something new in her response: In the past I have been in tears relating stories like this. However this time, I decided not to get too upset. I wanted to be more resilient in the face of such violence. I feel more assertive because I talked back to him. I have been learning from here (TMSG) how to talk up. I have felt empowered to speak. This comes from both a feminist perspective and the support of friends and colleagues. I started speaking up in the first instance on account of others. And now I am learning to speak up for myself. It is hoped that by focusing on one issue, that the anti-racism strategy will be able to more easily grasp the complex web of relationships that any one community has, and the possibilities for hope, renewal and resistance to oppression. Jenny Stirling CAMS- Community Action for a Multicultural Society Townsville Multicultural Support Group  http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2012/02/24/308581_business.html  Finn, J.L and Jacobson, M. (2003): Just Practice in JournalofSocialWorkEducation. CouncilofSocialWorkEducation, 30 (1).  (Foucault, 1980: 93).  http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/consultations/national_consultations/combating_racism.html  Turner, T. (1997): Human rights, human difference: Anthropology's contribution to an emancipatory cultural politics. Journal of Anthropological Research, 53(3), 273-291.  Finn, J.L and Jacobson, M. (2003): Just Practice in JournalofSocialWorkEducation. CouncilofSocialWorkEducation, 30 (1).  Ibid.  Townsville Bulletin (2012): Refugee housing fix just heads in the sand 8/5/2012: 13  HYPERLINK "http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2012/02/04/303161_news.html"http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2012/02/04/303161_news.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2012/05/08/328261_news.html"http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2012/05/08/328261_news.html  Finn, J.L and Jacobson, M. (2003): Just Practice in JournalofSocialWorkEducation. CouncilofSocialWorkEducation, 30 (1).  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